See the world through a glass, darkly
Corinthians 13:12 contains the phrase βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου
ἐν αἰνίγματι, blepomen gar arti di esoptrou en ainigmati, which was
translated in the 1560 Geneva Bible as "For now we see through a glass
darkly" (without a comma). This wording was used in the 1611 KJV,
which added a comma before "darkly".[4] This passage has inspired the
titles of many works, with and without the comma.
The Greek word ἐσόπτρου, esoptrou (genitive; nominative: ἔσοπτρον,
esoptron), here translated "glass", is ambiguous, possibly referring
to a mirror or a lens. Influenced by Strong's Concordance, many modern
translations conclude that this word refers specifically to a
mirror.[5] Example English language translations include:
"Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror" (New International
Version) "What we see now is like a dim image in a mirror" (Good News
Bible)
Paul's usage is in keeping with rabbinic use of the term אספקלריה,
aspaklaria, a borrowing from the Latin specularia. This has the same
ambiguous meaning, although Adam Clarke concluded that it was a
reference to specularibus lapidibus, clear polished stones used as
lenses or windows.[6] One way to preserve this ambiguity is to use the
English cognate, speculum.[7] Rabbi Judah ben Ilai (2nd century) was
quoted as saying "All the prophets had a vision of God as He appeared
through nine specula" while "Moses saw God through one speculum."[8]
The Babylonian Talmud states similarly "All the prophets gazed through
a speculum that does not shine, while Moses our teacher gazed through
a speculum that shines."[9]
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