I don't think there is a single word answer here because of the need for the connotation of 'claiming'. But of course more than one word together might be able to capture what you seek.
The word
presume
invokes the notion of 'claim' and then any appropriately affixed example of the other words will carry the superiority, as in
'presumes surpassing'
In your example sentence, that really doesn't fit (because it is unclear if what you ask for is relevant to that sentence).
When the mind gets answers, it presumes that it is knowable.
Another word that is relevant is:
audacity
(which has the connotation of an assumption of superiority) but that doesn't fit the grammar you're looking to fill in.