Are you looking to work only with irregular verbs like hurt? Here’s a list of irregular verbs in their base, past simple, and past participle forms: Irregular Verbs – Complete List (note that this is not really a complete list).
You’ll need to identify the ones that can function as adjectives. Those will be among ones that either have identical base, past simple, and past participle forms (for present and past constructions) or have the same past simple and past participle forms (for past constructions).
Of those, only a handful might work as adjectives.
Cut, hit, and hurt, for example, can work in the present and past:
Hurt people hurt people [everyday].
Hurt people hurt people [in the past].
A few more might work in the past:
Said people said, “people.”
Understood people understood people.
Assuming the nouns are allowed to be different, here are a few more:
Kept ladies kept secrets.
Lost people lost sleep.
Told tales told lies.
If you can use regular verbs, you have many more options, for example:
Abused people abused people.
Frightened horses frightened children.
Depressed patients depressed doctors.
You can also explore adjectives that are also verbs. For example:
Plump maids plump pillows.
Quiet people quiet people.
Stable boys stable horses.
Fat farmers fat calves.
Open minds open doors.
As for what these things are called, terminology and frameworks vary, but you can look into things like attributive verbs, verbal adjectives, deverbal adjectives, deadjectival verbs, zero derivation, and conversion. Warning: you’re going to be wading through a lot of papers.