Note: This answer applies to the question as posed in the title, for readers who may find this question via search. The question body uses "location" in the sense of "physical copy" instead of "geographic place".
The technical term used for a backup in another location (in the sense of some physical distance away) is an off-site backup.
An off-site backup is a copy of a business’ production system data that is stored in a geographically different location than the production system. Off-site backup includes:
- Off-site server backup, where production data is backed up to an offsite server
- Backing up to a media device, such as tape, which is then transported and stored off-site
- Backing up to a private or public cloud
Acronis, a company providing backup products and services
Off-site backup is a method of backing up data to a remote server or to media that is transported off site.
TechTarget, a tech media publication
The term *archive has been proposed, but that refers to a collection of multiple files or datasets into a single file or data stream, such as a ZIP archive or tar "tape archive".