I don't think there is a dictionary dedicated solely to prefixes. But you can find some common prefixes and their definitions in normal dictionaries. E.g. definitions of the prefix de- may be found in YourDictionary:
- away from, off: debar, derail
away from, off: debar, derail
down: degrade
wholly, entirely: defunct
reverse the action of; undo: defrost, decode
- down: degrade
- wholly, entirely: defunct
- reverse the action of; undo: defrost, decode
Edit: On the second thought, there are some. You can try searching for "Merriam-Webster's a Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, And Combining Forms". I'm not sure if we're allowed to post links to resources, where you can actually download one though, else I'd give you one.