Questions tagged [phonology]
Technical questions about the sound patterns of English.
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T turning into what sounds like a trill in Irish English?
I have been recently watching a channel run by an Irish guy and he has many interesting speech quirks (like the fact he still pronounces "wh-" like <hw>). But the thing that puzzles me ...
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Why does <sing> have three phonemes, while <sink> has four?
By what principles of phonology does the digraph < ng > in < sing > admit a monophonematical representation by the phoneme /ŋ/, while in the word < sink >, the final < k > is ...
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Are 'biggity' and 'briggity' kin?
(Motivated by the question How common is "biggety" in Southern and Midland US?)
The DARE entry for briggity has the following (edited):
briggity: (also brickaty, brickety, brigaty, ...
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What is a word describing when someone pronounces a word according to how it's spelled, ignoring silent letters? [duplicate]
Phonetic spelling is when one spells a word according to how it is pronounced (e.g.; knight => nite).
What word would be used to describe the pronunciation of a word based on how it is spelled, ...
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Is the 't' silent in the word "fasten"? Or is it the 'e'? [closed]
There are mixed answers online. Some say 't' is silent. Others say 'e' is silent.
Dictionaries don't seem to give a consistent pronunciation for this word, so it's hard know what is correct.
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How does one show in IPA that the first sound in "get" and "got" is different?
So one has that "get" /ɡɛt/ and "got" /ɡɒt/ are a minimal pair, for it's only the vocalic phoneme which distinguishes them. However, the first sound is not pronounced/articulated ...
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*an unitary operator* or *a unitary operator*
This is related to the question that I asked in English language and usage community: about whether there is a dialectal difference among the native English speakers in pronouncing the u of words like ...
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How phonetically distinct in terms of quality (tongue gesture) are /ɜː/ and /ə/ in Received Pronunciation?
The English Wikipedia article on Received Pronunciation uses two particular vowel charts adapted from two sources, an article by Peter Roach titled British English: Received Pronunciation published in ...
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How are /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ realised in the Nottingham (East Midlands) accent?
I've got a sample of a few words pronounced by a Nottingham accent representative: https://youtu.be/2fCSeDEZeVU
My ear is far from perfect and this is why I'd like to ask for your help in this ...
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History of the pronunciation and spelling of the singular/plural forms "woman" and "women" [duplicate]
Is it true that the spelling of the plural women with wo- is purely an orthographic analogy to the singular woman? When did the spelling women become common (same question with respect to the spelling ...
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Is this intrusive r? "Arya Stark" pronounced as "Aryer Stark"
In Game of Thrones, season 4, ep.8 around 37:50, The Hound says:
[...]and his travelling companion Arya Stark.
He pronounces it like "Aryer Stark". It seems to be a similar concept as an ...
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Why does the word "experience" have a different initial vowel from that in "expert" and "expertise"?
In American English, the pronunciation of the words "experience", "expert", and "expertise" can be transcribed as /ɪkˈspɪr.i.əns/, /ˈɛk.spɚt/, /ˌɛk.spɚˈtiːz/ respectively....
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Cot caught merger - /ɔɪ/ or /ɑɪ/ in boy, choice...?
Here is the pronunciation guide from Oxford American English dictionary:
Some speakers only use the sound /ɔ/ when it is followed by /r/ (as in horse /hɔrs/) and use /ɑ/ in all other words that are ...
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When does n sounds like m? [duplicate]
I hear that native (american, but maybe others do too) English speakers sometimes change the sound /n/ for a /m/ in between words like "Conversation" and "Grandpa". Is there a rule ...
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Why are long e and o most prone to be diphthongised by English speakers?
As a teacher of languages, it has struck me how English vowels love not just diphthongs, but even triphthongs, and this tendency presents itself in how native English speakers generally tend to ...
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Pronunciation of ss as s and lack of sh?
I've been hearing some British and Irish actors and presenters pronounce ss like s instead of sh, so tissue sounds like tisyu rather than tishu for example. I also heard someone pronounce appreSEEate ...
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How many syllables do these rules say that ‘every’ has?
Edit note: As you’ll see from the linked-to post, I’m not expecting my code here to be anything like 100% accurate. I’m after a fast and dirty heuristic that will be correct most of the time.
I’m ...
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Is there a difference between the pronunciation of long-ass and long gas?
I know that final -⟨ng⟩ is pronounced /ŋ/ (in most dialects), but I'm wondering what happens when the intensifier "ass" comes after the /ŋ/ sound of "long". Does the pronunciation ...
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What do we call minimal pairs (words differ by only a single sound) that have similar meanings?
What is the term for minimal pairs that have minimal differences in sound as well as meaning?
Per Wikipedia:
In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken ...
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Is runnin' an elision or assimilation? [duplicate]
Considering the word "running", would "runnin'" be the result of the elision or assimilation of the "ing" sound?
Specifically /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ being pronounced as /rʌnen/
I ...
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Reverse Tensing of the /æ/ Phoneme in American English?
I am a native speaker of a General American sociolect that realizes the /æ/ phoneme as [ɛə] before nasal consonants (e.g. 'fan,' 'stand,' 'ram'), and I've recently noticed that I've begun un-raising (...
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Is there an English dialect that distinguishes between stressed /oʊ/ from its final unstressed form?
Is there any English dialect that distinguishes the stressed /oʊ/ as in goat, throat, slope, broke, stroke, etc. from the final, unstressed /oʊ/ as in sparrow, arrow, tomorrow, yellow, window, etc?
...
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Pronunciation: /ɪ/ becomes /ə/ in "William" or "Wilkinson"?
I sometimes hear words like "Willam" or "Wilkinson" pronounced like /'wəl-jəm/ or /'wəɫ̩-kən-sən/, rather than /'wɪɫ̩-jəm/ or /'wɪɫ̩-kən-sən/. In other words, the /wɪɫ̩/ cluster is ...
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Unvoiced final "d" where it "should" be voiced -- regional accent question
Native speaker here.
I don't have a problem with /d/, but somehow in words like "record", and in all -ed preterites, I voice it /t/, borderline aspirated.
My English is native (think, dream ...
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/ʊ/, /oʊ/, and /ʌ/ merged before /l/
I merge /ʊ/, /oʊ/, and /ʌ/ before /l/ to form /oʊ/. Soul, bull, and hull all rhyme for me. Is there any record of this merger in US English?
Edit: Dull is in the same class (/ʌl/) as hull. I replaced ...
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What is the origin of "huge"?
What is the origin of the word huge (adj. and adv.) meaning "very great, large, or big; immense, enormous, vast"?
Both OED and Etymonline say that it might be from an Old French word which ...
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How can “Harold” and “Herald” ever sound the same?
I was reading a book¹ recently where the main protagonist is fixated
on homonyms and has rules that proper nouns are not homonyms and
gives Harold and herald as an example of words that sound the
same ...
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Variant of English pronunciation in the UK
On YouTube, I noticed a channel "RateMyTakeaway" with a man with interesting pronunciation
One example, at 1:26 in this video:
https://youtu.be/Z7YM7iYtFRY?t=86
He says (as far as I can ...
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What are the two /r/ sounds explained in this video?
This guy says here there are two ways of "making the /r/ sound". His explanation lacks academic rigor and necessary phonetic details. He claims the first way is: "It's like a /l/, with ...
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When does "t-y" become a "ch" and "d-y" does a "dj"? [duplicate]
'That you' becomes 'Thach you'
'Did you' becomes 'Dij you' (or something near this)
But body, responsibility doesn't. When that happens?
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What is the meaning of ‘neutral’ in the following article?
Source: (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology)
In General American and Canada, /l/ is generally dark, but to varying degrees: before stressed vowels it is neutral or only slightly ...
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How many allophones possible of phoneme /ə/ are there in American English? [closed]
I am an ESL student. I want to speak American English fluently.
Due to influence of my local dialect in my country, I only discover that there is [ə ɐ ɪə ɑ] doubtably according to my ear, and native ...
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Is there a certain rule for dividing syllable in a word? [duplicate]
I am new in linguistics and I am an ESL student. When I check dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster, Random House Webster, Webster’s New world college, American Heritage, Cambridge dictionary etc and ...
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Do "cook the" and "cooked the" get pronounced differently?
How are they different in pronunciation?
In other words, how can one recognise the difference purely by sound?
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Why is there a flap allophone of /t/ but not of /k/ or /p/?
In English, there are three (phonemic) voiceless stops: /t/, /k/, /p/. In most if not all American accents, a /t/ between vowels (the first of which is usually stressed and the second unstressed) is ...
user387044
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Syllabification of "riding"
According to the Middle Consonant Rule, shouldn't we syllabicate the word riding as Ri-ding (raɪ-dɪŋ)? Why are we syllabicating it as Rid-ing (raɪd.ɪŋ)? What's the rule for this?
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Is the underlying form of "n" /n/ or /ŋ/ in words ending in -nk?
There are lots of words ending in -nk in Modern English. In (almost) all those words, the -nk is pronounced [-ŋk]. My understanding is that the "n" in spelling represented [n] originally but ...
user387044
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does sound th as d makes any difference in fast speech?
I know the 2 kinds of th sound, the question is does pronouncing, for instance, "that" as "dat" makes any difference to real th sound? I know pronouncing it in slow speech or out ...
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What is the trend in pronouncing the word "strength"? [closed]
Over the years, I have heard 3 different ways to pronounce the word strength:
stre(ng)kth /stɹɛŋkθ/
strenth /st̠͡ɹ̠ɛn̪θ/
shtrength /ʃtɹɛŋθ/
I definitely pronounce it with option 3 (shtrength /ʃtɹɛŋθ/...
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True realization of /i/ in American English: Is it really [ɪi]?
I have read in different places that the latter glide-like realization is the only one that exists in American English. Is this a regional thing? If yes, would you say it occurs in western US English?
...
user424161
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Is [bʊt] (Northern England) analyzed as an allophone of /bʌt/?
In some/most Northern England accents, words that have [ʌ] in RP (or standard varieties of English) are pronounced with [ʊ]. So hut, cut, shut etc are pronounced with [ʌ]* in Southern British English ...
user387044
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Why does "appropriate" (and also "duplicate", "deliberate" etc) have a different vowel in their adjective/noun and verb forms?
TL;DR
There are adjectives/nouns--verb pairs in which the adjectives/nouns have weak vowel in the last syllable and the verb has strong for example:
duplicate (adj): /ˈdjuːplɪkət/
duplicate (v.): /...
user387044
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Why are "said" and "paid"/"laid" pronounced differently?
The words say, pay, lay are phonemically /seɪ/, /peɪ/ and /leɪ/ respectively (with the diphthong /eɪ/). Their past and past participles are respectively: /sɛd/ (or /sed/), /peɪd/ and /leɪd/. The past/...
user387044
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Is there a word/term for how pleasant a word is to pronounce? [duplicate]
I am familiar with euphony and phonaesthetics, but these both seem to focus more on how pleasant a sound is to hear/perceive. I think there is a subtle difference between this and how pleasant it ...
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Are /t, p, k/ aspirated when they are at the start of a syllable after another syllable that ends in /s/?
In English (native speakers' speech), voiceless plosives such as /t/, /p/ and /k/ are produced with a strong burst of air when they are in the start of a syllable before a vowel. That is called "...
user387044
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Rule of English phonology that prevents /j/ and /w/ from occurring in the ends of syllables
I'm quite sure I've seen a rule in English phonology that says that /j/ (the "y" sound) and /w/ (the "w" sound) should not occur in the ends of English syllables, but I haven't had ...
user387044
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Does the suffix -ify have any inherent characteristics of making letters pronounced which would otherwise be silent?
It is quite clear that the word "signify" is derived from sign and the suffix -ify:
sign + -ify = signify
The letter "g" in the word sign is silent but when the suffix is added, ...
user387044
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Why is "archaic" pronounced uniquely? Is the sequence -ɪɪ- only found in this word?
Before looking this word up, I have always rhymed it with cake i.e. /ɑːˈkeɪk/. But when I looked it up, it was actually /ɑː(r)ˈkeɪɪk/ with the sequence of a similar vowel repeated consecutively: -ɪɪ-
...
user387044
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Why are there so many restrictions on /ŋ/ in English?
In (GA, SSBE) English, the phoneme /ŋ/ (in ring) seems to have so many restrictions:
it rarely occurs after /u:/, if at all: the only word that I have been able to find in which /ŋ/ occurs after /u:/ ...
user387044
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Does English allow /eɪʃ/ in the end of a syllable (in the same syllable)?
The sound /ʃ/ is almost always spelled with more than one letter i.e. with a digraph unlike, say, /p/ which is spelled with a single letter (pan, pen, pie). I have noticed a particular pattern: vowels ...
user387044