How Many Diphthongs Are There In English?

Question

I was talking to a person who said that there were only two. I think she said that the "ou" in house is one of the two.

I told her that the way the letter "i" is pronounced is a diphthong, and she said it wasn't. She said it was just one vowel, "i" and that that was that.

She said she studied phonics and was writing her thesis (on child development, I think) on this kind of stuff. She said her book said there were only two diphthongs and that I was wrong.

So, how many are there? I told her I think there are probably more like ten. I thought of six immediately, but she said they weren't diphthongs because her book didn't say they were.

1. "i" in time
2. "i" in bite
3. "o" in bone
4. "a" in bane
5. "oi" in boink
6. "ou" in house

Answer 1

Certainly the i in words like bite and fright represents an /aɪ/ diphthong.

Phonemically, I come up with these:

1. /aɪ/ as in price, my, high, flight, mice
2. /aʊ/ as in mouth, now, trout
3. /eɪ/ as in face, date, day, they, grey, pain, reign
4. /ɔɪ/ as in choice, boy, hoist
5. /oʊ/ as in goat, toe, tow, soul, rope, cold
6. /juː/ as in cute, few, dew, ewe
7. /jə/ as in onion, union, million, scallion, scullion

Most examples are taken from here. What those all actually work out to phonetically varies a great deal across dialects and speakers. For example, many and perhaps even most North American speakers raise the /aɪ/ in tight to [ʌɪ], but not the one in died. You may wish to check out SoundComparisons.COM, where you can both see and hear the phonetic transcriptions for speakers of many, many different dialects, including words like four, hear, eight, cold, cow, fight.

You could also analyse words like way, yay, wow, yow as triphthongs if you really wanted to, although we don’t tend to do so in English. Instead they tend to have an initial /w/ or /j/ followed by a diphthong in normal notation. ^{_{(In Spanish though they’d be considered triphthongs, as in cambiáis, which has just two syllables, cam- and -biáis.)}}

Non-rhotic speakers claim to have others, but I have trouble thinking of those as diphthongs myself. I always analyse diphthongs as having a principal vowel to act as the syllabic nucleus and then a glide either before or after it. If the glide comes before the main vowel, as in /jə/, /juː/, it is a rising diphthong, and if the glide comes after the main vowel, as in /aɪ/, /eɪ/, /aʊ/, /oʊ/, /ɔɪ/, it is a falling diphthong. (Some people consider only the falling ones “real” diphthongs. I’m not sure why, since million has only two syllables for me, not three.)

I know of no diphthongs in English that have no glide in them, although whether you write your glides with /j/ and /w/ or as semivowels makes no great difference. This leads to alternate transcriptions, as in /eɪ/ for /ej/, and /aʊ/ for /aw/.

If there is no glide, I don’t count it as a diphthong. That means that I don’t read /ʊə/ as a single syllable. Rather, it has two syllables, as in the programming language named Lua /ˈlʊːə/. I guess I might write that /ˈlʊː.ə/ if I thought people might misunderstand me. And no, it is not homophonic with monosyllabic lure /ˈl(j)ʊːɹ/.

Non-rhotic speakers sometimes analyse words with words with ‹r› in them as diphthongs, where they substitute /ə/ for /ɹ/, but since that’s not a glide, it’s not going to make a new diphthong in my book; it might make a new syllable, though. Even though I say fire /faɪɹ/, I realize that they say /faɪ.ə/. For me that would then rhyme with the disyllabic maya /ˈmɑjɑ/, /ˈmaɪ.ə/, although it becomes challenging to assign the /j/ to one syllable or the other. I don’t see people writing fire /ˈfajəɹ/, but at least then it would seem like two syllables. But you end up reassigning the glide and changing the word from having an /aɪ/ diphthong in the first syllable to having a /jə/ syllable in the second.

For the record, here’s how I see the following r-bearing words:

• bearer /ˈbe(ɪ)ɹəɹ/
• tourer /ˈtʰʊɹəɹ/
• nearer /ˈniːɹəɹ/
• curer /ˈkʰjʊɹəɹ/
• layer /ˈleɪ.əɹ/, /ˈle.jəɹ/
• lair /leɪɹ/
• fiery /ˈfaɪɹi/ ^{_{(two syllables)}}, /ˈfa.jəɹi/ ^{_{(three syllables)}}
• fairy /ˈfeɪɹi/
• Faëry /ˈfe.jəɹi/ ^{_{(for trisyllabic rhymes in poetry)}}
• more /mo(ʊ)ɹ/, /mɔɹ/
• mower /ˈmoʊ.əɹ/, /ˈmowəɹ/

In that analysis, ‹r› is never part of a diphthong because /ɹ/ is not a glide, and if you write it as a schwa, you’ve likely introduced another second syllable. Non-rhotic AmE speakers (such as those from the South) always sound like they have have more syllables in their words to those of us from the North. The joke is there is no such thing as a one-syllable word in “Suthun”. For example, more is one syllable in the North’s /mo(ʊ)ɹ/, but two in the South’s /ˈmowə/.

Lastly, I realize that you can write ‹-er› as /ɚ/ or /ɹ̩/, as in murder written as either /ˈmərdər/ or /ˈmɝdɚ/. The problem is that we have only two rhotacized IPA symbols, stressed /ɝ/ and unstressed /ɚ/; for anything else that you want rhotacized, you have to use U+02DE MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK, which doesn’t look so hot in most fonts, and doesn’t count as a combining character.

Answer 2

Here you can find a chart of the 44 English phonemes.

Here you can find a chart of the eight diphthongs. Clicking on each one will get you a huge list of examples.

• /eɪ/ as in day, pay, say, lay. (Examples)
• /aɪ/ as in sky, buy, cry, tie. (Examples)
• /ɔɪ/ as in boy, toy, coy or the first syllable of soya. (Examples)
• /ɪə/ in beer (the drink), pier, hear. (Examples)
• /eə/ as in bear (the animal), pair and hair. (Examples)
• /ʊə/ as in tour, poor (talking posh!) or the first syllable of tourist. (Examples)
• /əʊ/ as in oh, no, so or phone. (Examples)
• /aʊ/ as in all the words of "How now brown cow!" (Examples)

Help on how to pronounce the different sounds.

Answer 3

There are ten diphthongs in Hollywood (NA) English where two sounds (a vowel followed so closely by a consonant they in effect make one vowel sound). The English Phonetic Alphabet (EPA) notation describes this clearly:

• long a /Ay/ – great, made, day, hey, rain, eight, chaos, suede, gauge …
• long e /Ey/ – meat, we, tree, peace, piece, quay, ski, naive, suite …
• long i /Iy/ – my, eye, aisle, knife, pie, find, I, choir …
• long o /Ow/ – go, know, boat, toe, goal, brooch, sew, bologna …
• long u /Uw/ – two, you, who, due, suit, new, cool, ewe, queue, lose …

You can probably see the pattern here – long vowels are long because there are two sounds in them.

Two more that could also be considered long for the same reason are:

• /Oy/ as in boy, noise, royal and buoy
• /Aw/ as in owl, house, drought

The three r vowels were a vowel plus r make a distinct new sound:

• /Ar/ – charcoal, park, heart, R
• /Er/ – purple, first, word, were, heard
• /Or/ – orange, four, more, war, door

Answer 4

In its current form, this question cannot be answered. The number of diphthongs varies from dialect to dialect.

For example, the word "four" in RP used to be pronounced as "foah", with a diphthong. Now the current RP form is "fo:" (long o). Or I say "sure" as "shuah", but there are many English speakers (in the UK) who say "sho:" (long o).

Answer 5

First I learned diphthong from my Shorthand school, where we were taught only four diphthongs according to Sir Issac Pittman's Shorthand, quoting the definition,
"A union of two vowel sounds in one syllable.” (Prof. Sweet). They are, I, OW, OI, U, formed in the following way:

a + i = I - like pipe, pike, etc. a + ŏŏ = Ow - like couch, mouth, etc. aw + I = Oi - like boy, joy, etc. i + oo = like due, few, etc.

Pittman's Shorthand also talks about triphones, a three vowel sound i.e. diphthong + any vowel, as used in: Diary, dialogue; Viola, towel; Power, boyish; Duet, strenuous, etc.