It depends on whether you're talking about the history of the language as a whole, or the history of specific words now spelled with double consonant letters (such as toboggan and baggage). If you mean "Were spellings like gg, tt, dd ever used in the history of English or one of its ancestors to represent double consonant sounds?" then the answer is "yes". If you mean "Was every Modern English word spelled with gg, or some other double consonant letter, once pronounced with a double consonant sound?" then the answer is "no".
Old English (spoken on Britain before the 11th-century Norman Conquest) had double consonant sounds and represented them in writing with double consonant letters. However, these spellings often did not occur in the same places as double consonant spellings in modern English words, so it's not possible to know from modern English spelling whether a word used to have a double consonant sound. For example, the word frog comes from an Old English word that was pronounced something like [ˈfroɡ.ɡɑ] and that could be spelled frogga. This evolved to Middle English frogge, then to modern English frog. As you can see, the long consonant sounds of Old English did not survive into modern English, and Old English double consonant spellings often didn't survive unchanged either. There are words that had an originally long consonant that is now spelled with a single consonant letter, such as frog, and there are words that had an originally short consonant that are now spelled with a double consonant letter, such as staff (from Old English stæf).
Nevertheless, the Modern English convention of using double consonant letters to mark the shortness of a preceding vowel letter indirectly owes its existence to the Old English convention of using double consonant letters to represent double consonant sounds. The modern convention evolved because Middle English had sound changes that tended to shorten vowels that were followed by a double consonant sound and lengthen vowels that were followed by only a single consonant sound and then another vowel. For example:
- Old English blēdde, pronounced [ˈbleːd.de] with a long vowel followed by a double consonant sound, evolved to Middle English bledde [ˈbled.də] and Modern English bled [ˈblɛd], with a so-called "short e" sound in the first syllable.
- Old English cnafa, pronounced [ˈknɑ.vɑ] with a short vowel in the first syllable, evolved to Middle English knave, pronounced something like [ˈknaː.və] with a lengthened vowel in the first syllable before the single consonant sound [v]. This gives us modern English knave [neɪv], a single syllable containing the diphthong [eɪ] that we call the "long a" sound. (Lengthening in words like this is also the ultimate origin of the "silent e marks a long vowel" convention, another Modern English spelling convention that has been widely applied even to words where the original historical sound changes that the convention is based on did not actually occur.)
So the overall existence of double consonant spellings is a consequence of the original distinction between short and double consonant sounds, but since that distinction in consonant length has been lost, double consonant spellings have been freely applied unetymologically to all kinds of words according to the convention of whether they contain a "short" as opposed to a "long" vowel sound (in the sense of a "lax" monophthong vs. a "tense" diphthong). In the case of toboggan, the gg represents nothing other than the fact that the preceding letter "o" is pronounced as in the words hop, hopping and not as in the words hope, hoping.
