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My mother tongue is Finnish and Finns are famous for using really long compound words. English also has compound words, too, and there's a great example list of compound words on another site.

Some examples from that list:

  1. Closed-form compound words: snowball, mailbox, grandmother, basketball, skateboard, schoolhouse

  2. Hyphenated compound words: long-term, mother-in-law, check-in

  3. Open compound words: peanut butter, ice cream, real estate

Can I create my own compound words to be used in formal context? If so, is there any logic to figure out if my newly created compound word is closed-form, hyphenated or open compound word? And even the above list is not complete because you have to write "ice-cream cone", if I've understood correctly.

(For example, in case of Finnish, the rules are very simple: all compound words are closed but if previous word ends with the same vowel as the second part starts with, you have to add hyphen between those parts in written form. This is required because otherwise both vowels would be accidentally read as part of one syllable. In spoken form there's no difference because syllable break between the parts is enough in all cases.)

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  • The age of the compound word alone doesn't seem to be the correct explanation to convert it to closed-form because "skateboard" is way too young word to be in the same class as telephone or automobile. Aug 25, 2022 at 12:44
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    I'd leave out ice-cream as an example of hyphenated terms, since the hyphenating belongs to the special role taken. Then, I'd presume the open form until I can see a reason for some closing: is healthcare distinct from health care? Aug 25, 2022 at 13:16
  • I don't agree with much of what you say. For example "ice cream" is a straightforward compound noun.
    – BillJ
    Aug 25, 2022 at 17:59
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    Note that a compound word is written as a single word. Whether the two bases are hyphenated or not is irrelevant. The so-called open compounds are almost always not compounds at all but sequences of words, phrases consisting of head+modifier.
    – BillJ
    Aug 25, 2022 at 18:21
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    @slebetman "Ice-cream" is still a compound word, hyphenated of course.
    – BillJ
    Aug 26, 2022 at 10:17

2 Answers 2

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It is interesting you should ask about logic when it comes to language. Sometimes logic may seem incompatible with language, but then it cannot be, since language is not chaotic. LinguisticPulse says:

Language is not governed by Logic in the formal sense, but even though it’s arbitrary we know it’s also not completely random. An individual language, like English, has particular consistencies about it.

M-W has a long article about compound words and I think there you will find an answer. I find this catchy sentence particularly helpful:

There aren't fast rules to forming compounds, but there are patterns.

These patterns may be included in what LinguisticPulse called consistencies.

The article speaks about the three ways of spelling compound words you mention:

Compounds are written in one of three ways: solid (teapot), hyphenated (player-manager), or open (which ranges from phrases such as off and on or little by little to combinations like washing machine—have a field day finding more). Because of the variety in formation, the choice among the styles for a given compound represents one of the most vexing of all style issues writers—and lexicographers—encounter.

So there is controversy about the matter, but let it not scare us.

For some terms, it is often acceptable to choose freely among open, hyphenated, and solid alternatives, even though the term has been used in English for an extended period (for instance, lifestyle, life-style, or life style). Although the styling that ultimately takes hold for a compound may be determined by nothing more than editorial and writerly preference, there are patterns of new compounds as they become established in the English language. Compound nouns, for instance, are usually written as one word; compound verbs are generally written as two; compound adjectives are often written with a hyphen. But note that we added "usually," "generally," and "often"—we're hedging.

The article goes on to tackle compounds in detail. It gives a pretty accurate idea about the dynamics of compounds formation in English.

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    However, a dash is never right in the context of a hyphenated form! MW have "life–style" instead of "life-style". Actually that's an interesting one because there may be a very subtle difference between lifestyle and life style.
    – Andrew Leach
    Aug 25, 2022 at 13:03
  • Yes, I hadn't realised about the dash. It might be a formatting style though. It has some longer dashes as actual dashes.
    – fev
    Aug 25, 2022 at 13:06
  • Punctuation is very unstable. Compounds change all the time and writing does not keep up with them any better than it has with English vowels. The logic is not for punctuation -- that's just recent fads; the logic is for the meaning. There are about a dozen common forms. Aug 25, 2022 at 14:51
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Compound words are constructed according to a fundamental logic.

(CoGeL) [D] COMPOUNDING: adding one base to another, such that usually the one placed in front in some sense subcategorizes the one that follows; eg: blackbird, armchair, bott1e-feed […]

  • long-term: the category is that of the terms; the subcategories are characterized by words such as "short", "mid" and others; therefore those terms come first: "short-term", "mid-term".

If you think carefully you see that a similar thinking process applies to all the following.

  • snowball, mailbox, grandmother, basketball, skateboard, schoolhouse, peanut butter, ice cream

Two terms in the list, "mother-in-law" and "check-in", are not compounds. "Mother-in-law" is obtained through suffixation (suffix "-in-law") and "check-in" is obtained through so-called reconversion (of the verb "to check in")

Can I create my own compound words to be used in formal context? If so, is there any logic to figure out if my newly created compound word is closed-form, hyphenated or open compound word? And even the above list is not complete because you have to write "ice-cream cone", if I've understood correctly.

1/ Yes you can; however you have to do that in cases of sufficient necessity, when you discover a new concept, which, therefore has not yet been named. Do not forget, compounds have to be defined otherwise people do not know what they mean. So you can do that in a thesis , for instance, where the definition will be deduced from an explanation, or you can write a definition (not so usual).
2/ Of course, compounds can be used for compouding.
3/ There is no rule about hyphenation.

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  • What is the point of the Ngram you've supplied?
    – BillJ
    Aug 25, 2022 at 18:28
  • @BillJ To show that a large majority of people do not use a hyphen; it must be clear from that that there is no rule.
    – LPH
    Aug 25, 2022 at 18:32
  • Google returns 32% more hits for "ice-cream" than for "ice cream". "Ice-cream" is of course a compound noun, and careful writers will write it as a single word "ice-cream".
    – BillJ
    Aug 25, 2022 at 18:52
  • @BillJ It remains that when they write the compound they use less often a hyphen; overall they do not think it matters much. BTW, I found "ice cream" (ice 'cream also ' ice cream, esp in the US and Canada) in the OALD, although in the SOED it is "ice-cream" and "ice-cream parlour".
    – LPH
    Aug 25, 2022 at 19:14
  • No: I've just told you that there are 32% more hits on Google for "ice-cream" than for "ice cream".
    – BillJ
    Aug 25, 2022 at 19:22

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