A difficult topic, not entirely answerable from the viewpoint of English usage or by simple assumption and expectation. I argue here that the correct term is a state variable (= a variable that describes the state of the system).
In the Euclidean space of our normal experience, position is specified by three dimensions, each of which is independent of the others. To describe the position of an object we consequently need three coordinates each within its own dimension. So in a related way we also speak of length, width and depth, each and all of which need to be specified to describe uniquely the size of an object. Time is often seen as a fourth dimension, needed to specify the temporal position.
Cambridge
dimension
a measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length, or width
To distance (in three dimensions) and time, we may also add mass as a dimension:
Merriam Webster
mathematics :
any of the fundamental units (as of mass, length, or time) on which a derived unit is based
a measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length, or width
Many of the other things you list other than the positional ones are not dimensions. They are better termed state variables:
Wikipedia has a discussion:
Wikipedia
- In mechanical systems, the position coordinates and velocities of mechanical parts are typical state variables; knowing these, it is possible to determine the future state of the objects in the system.
- In thermodynamics, a state variable is an independent variable of a state function. Examples include internal energy, enthalpy, temperature, pressure, volume and entropy.
- In electronic/electrical circuits, the voltages of the nodes and the currents through components in the circuit are usually the state variables. In any electrical circuit, the number of state variables is equal to the number of (independent) storage elements, which are inductors and capacitors. The state variable for an inductor is the current through the inductor, while that for a capacitor is the voltage across the capacitor.
- In ecosystem models, population sizes (or concentrations) of plants, animals and resources (nutrients, organic material) are typical state variables
It is easy to see that a simple state variable such as the velocity of something is measured in terms of two basic dimensions: length per time (m/sec, miles per hour and so forth).
Therefore, in physics and engineering, Pressure is not a dimension. It is a state variable measured in terms of the dimensions of Mass, Length and Time. See for example:
Topr
Briefly, the Topr argument is: Pressure is a state variable expressed as force per unit area. Force is mass (M) times acceleration. Acceleration is change in velocity per time (T). Velocity is distance per time (L/T). So the state variable Pressure has the dimensions of Mass per Length per Time squared.
Many other measurable quantities are expressible in terms of the fundamental dimensions of mass, length and time. For example the state variable density is expressed as mass per length cubed.
However, Voltage - another state variable - requires the addition of an extra dimension of electric charge or current to be expressed in the dimensions of Mass times Length squared per time cubed per current.
In short, many state variables may be expressed and quantified in terms of the basic dimensions of Mass, Length, Time and Electric Charge.
For completeness, I add that even the choice of the basic dimensions (Mass. length, time, charge etc) is convenient but somewhat arbitrary. We could as easily contrive a description of the physical world based on a handful of independent state variables and call them dimensions, defining all the other state variables in terms of our new dimensions. {Don't go there ...}
