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If a child were scared of dogs, for instance, the parents would gently force them to stay around dogs so that they overcome their unnecessary fear, and in time it would become normal. Is there a word in English (conversational or even formal English, but not psychological jargon) which refers to this mechanism?

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    @KannE You should put that as an answer. Nov 16, 2020 at 6:08
  • @Adam , be aware the answer is "desensitize". The "Mayo Clinic" or other institutions may or may not use various other terms when discussing desensitization techniques.
    – Fattie
    Nov 17, 2020 at 14:45
  • It's a good answer, but this is psychological terminology. I need a conversational word.
    – Adam
    Nov 19, 2020 at 4:30
  • Desensitise can happily be used in conversation (my experience is with British English, in case that matters) even with young people -- it's not psychological jargon. I think most people will be familiar with the concepts of "exposure therapy" and "acclimatising to something" too, but less so (perhaps older teens?).
    – kwah
    Nov 19, 2020 at 5:06

16 Answers 16

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This technique of overcoming phobias, in psychology, is referred to as "desensitisation".

Note that the technique itself is "desensitisation" (a single word, as requested). The two-word "systematic desensitisation" specifically describes doing this desensitisation in a systematic way (e.g. starting small and increasing, rather than doing it arbitrarily or randomly), thus making it appropriate for use in clinical practice.

This wikipedia article gives an almost identical example, but with snakes:

A client may approach a therapist due to their great phobia of snakes. This is how the therapist would help the client using the three steps of systematic desensitization:
[Wikipedia]


One part of the CBT treatment process that's often used to treat simple phobias involves gradual exposure to your fear, so you feel less anxious about it. This is known as desensitisation or exposure therapy.
[NHS UK]

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  • It's a good answer, but like "exposure therapy", which someone has already mentioned in the comments on the post, this is psychological terminology. I was hoping for some word I could use in a conversation. e.g. "I spent a couple of nights in a dark room as kind of ____. I fear the dark, you know"
    – Adam
    Nov 19, 2020 at 4:28
  • I'm not sure there is a single word that would fit in that specific example. My gut reaction phrasing for a conversational version of your example is: "I spent a couple of nights in a dark room to try and get used to it. I fear the dark, you know." Not a single word, but natural. Another example might be "I've not eaten snails before, but I'm starting off with small bites to build up to a whole mouthful. Slimy food scares me, you know." ("build up to it" being another suggestion that isn't a single word).
    – kwah
    Nov 19, 2020 at 4:50
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One possibility is habituate:

ha·bit·u·ate

verb

make or become accustomed or used to something.
"she had habituated the chimps to humans"

From the NIH

The term “habituation” in the field of stress neurobiology refers to the reduction in physiological responses elicited by an nth exposure to a repeated homotypic (same) stressor in comparison to the large responses elicited by acute exposure to that stressor.

Another is desensitize: From the NIH

de·sen·si·tize

verb

make less sensitive.
"creams to desensitize the skin at the site of the injection"
    make (someone) less likely to feel shock or distress at scenes of cruelty, violence, or suffering by overexposure to such images.
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    Desensitise is the better part of this answer. Nov 15, 2020 at 17:30
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    But becoming desensitized can be bad, to violence for example. Habituate seems more a "good thing" word. But it's also more used with animals or kids. Nov 16, 2020 at 23:05
  • Habituate is simply wrong.
    – Fattie
    Nov 17, 2020 at 14:46
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    @Fattie - see edit with quote from paper linked to by NIH. Nov 17, 2020 at 19:14
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    Found this on a scuba site: "When it comes to mask skills, we want to create a situation that leads to habituation, i.e. the diver gets used to it and does not react strongly to water in the mask." But most uses of the word are fish habituating to divers. Nov 17, 2020 at 20:13
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I suggest acclimatize. Lexico has

acclimatize (British acclimatise)
VERB

1 Become accustomed to a new climate or new conditions; adjust.
Getting acclimatized to life in Glasgow was tough at first; even after all these years away he still gets lonely and homesick.

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Another perhaps slightly-less-common word for this would be inure:

Definition of inure
transitive verb

to accustom to accept something undesirable
// children inured to violence

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Stress inoculation

This is a common term among military personnel. Consider how Navy SEALs are subjected to increasing levels of difficulty to prepare them for the most challenging scenarios (that would otherwise grip them with fear, crippling their ability to make decisions under pressure.) A typical progression of stress inoculation to escape from capture while underwater may resemble:

  • Swimming
  • Swimming while blindfolded
  • Swimming while blindfolded and hands bound
  • Swimming while blindfolded and hands bound and instructor randomly rips your oxygen mouth-piece out of your mouth to simulate unpredictable, real-world adversity
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In the context of mental health treatment, this is called Exposure Therapy. From wikipedia,

Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress.

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Here, to add to the excellent answers already in place, is a candidate for the name of the action of the one who undergoes such a change.

Normalize:

to return to the usual or generally accepted situation (Cambridge)

When you normalize a situation or when it normalizes, it becomes normal. (Collins)

That is, in this case, the thing which he or she fears remains, but her or his perception of the feared thing changes:

Here it is in the wild, in a piece saying that Americans by and large have "accepted as normal" something that at one time would have seemed too terrible to consider as a possibility.

Over the last few months, election-preoccupied Americans have normalized what was once an unthinkable, and certainly an unconscionable, level of death and suffering. There have been a thousand deaths from the coronavirus a day, roughly speaking... (New York Intelligencer)

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  • Doesn't normalize refer to a group, as in that 2nd quote? If horrible thing X is normalized then enough people are no longer be bothered by it that it's safe. Nov 16, 2020 at 23:09
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Although not a complete answer, the phrase "successive approximations" is part of a process that includes desensitization, as an earlier poster suggested.

For example, in your dog illustration, to overcome a fear of dogs, the phobic person could simply look at some pictures of dogs, first in books and magazines, then in a friend's smartphone, then near a dog park from 50 feet away, then in the same general area but 25 feet away, and so on.

Each increment involves both a successive approximation and its corresponding--one hopes!--desensitization.

A similar procedure could be used in helping a person overcome the fear of elevators. First, have the phobic person observe from a distance people getting on and off the elevator, then move the person closer to the elevator to become more familiar with its features (e.g., the up and down buttons, the way people sometimes keep the doors open by blocking the closing sensor to allow a last-minute rider to get on, and the progress the lift is making, floor by floor by looking at the floor indicator lights).

Another successive approximation would be for the phobic person to walk into the elevator and immediately exit the elevator. A next step might be to go from floor number 1 to floor number 2--a short trip indeed! Then try going up 2 floors, then 3, then 4, and so on.

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Flooding is a form of desensitization therapy.

It tends to focus on giving the patient a long, drawn-out exposure to the object of their fears, to give the panic time to wear off, rather than just doing it lots of times.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_(psychology)

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To expose oneself to the source of a fear in order to overcome it is to face or confront that fear. I'm surprised that no answer or comment has mentioned this well-worn terminology.

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An alternative might be conditioned:

From https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/condition :

to train or influence a person or animal mentally so that they do or expect a particular thing without thinking about it

That scenario could be described as the parents conditioning their child to be tolerant of dogs. This implies that the parents reinforce the child's calm behaviour around dogs through e.g. physical and emotional reassurance.

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Less formally, get used to or accustomed to or comfortable with it.

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  • Sorry for the nitpick but: It's "used to" and "accustomed to" ("comfortable with" is right though).
    – No Name
    Nov 17, 2020 at 7:29
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    @NoName Should’ve noticed the parallelism there. Yep.
    – Davislor
    Nov 17, 2020 at 8:04
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In Medicine, we call it "exposure therapy", a technique that involves carefully exposing the patient to the obejct causing fear or anxiety.

From Wikipedia Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders.

  • Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the treatment of disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and specific phobias.
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v. destigmatize

I think this thread would also be remiss without mentioning two common idioms: "to get over (something)", and to "get back on the horse/bike" (referring to getting back on after you fall off, to purposefully get over the stigma).

That being said, I think lots of the answers in here already are good, to condition one's self against..., to inure one's self (against), to inoculate against, desensitize.

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  • Welcome to English.SE. It's a near miss, but I don't think this is quite correct, because a stigma is inherent in the thing you're scared of, so if you destigmatised something you would reduce something inherent in the source of the fear, and reduce its effect among the entire population, rather than reduce the fear inherent in a single person. Nov 19, 2020 at 15:03
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Psychologists call this "titrated exposure" which is actually the very precise meaning you are looking for, but it's so precise and technical as to not be in common usage.

Titration is the process of gradually and in a measured way increasing something. It particularly describes adding one chemical to another in small, measured increments, in order to determine the precise point at which some state is reached - such as e.g. a neutral ph.

As a technique, this is used to e.g. slowly and incrementally increase somebody's exposure to a traumatic memory or a phobia in order to help them learn acceptance.

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I recommend using the word:

adapt VERB If you adapt to a new situation or adapt yourself to it, you change your ideas or behaviour in order to deal with it successfully.

Its derivative noun is "adaptation," thus you can say:

"I spent a couple of nights in a dark room as kind of [adaptation]. I fear the dark, you know"

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