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Say, there's a person who has registered more than one account on the same social network and writes from these accounts pretending they belong to different people. How would you name such accounts?
My best guess is "bots", but that sounds more like when something automatically posted from these accounts.
Sometimes called a sock puppet account. Lexico has
2 A false online identity, typically created by a person or group in order to promote their own opinions or views.
Sock puppets are banned in many online venues.
These bloggers marshaled their legion of sock puppets to engage in intellectual combat.
Also, alternate account, or “alt”. Wiktionary has:
(Internet, gaming) An alternate or secondary character.
1996, "Jonobie D. Baker", Survey of MUSHers. (on newsgroup rec.games.mud.tiny)
Of these alts, how many of them are a gender other than your own?
2000, "KaVir", Code Bases - why release buggy crap? (on newsgroup alt.mud)
Yes, I have many alts, and no, none of the others have any unusual capitalisation.
(Internet) An alternate account.
They are certainly not bots. As this Wkipedia article explains a bot is either completely or largely automated and is used to make a certain product or point of view look more popular than it actually is. Someone with more than one account on a given social media platform is still, usually, managing the accounts manually. There might be a certain amount of copying and pasting going on but the process is usually manual.
The accounts could be described as duplicate accounts although this term is usually applied to accounts with businesses or official entities which have been created in error. @RobJarvis suggests "alias account" which is good since alias is defined by Lexico as
a false or assumed identity.
Quite often aliases are adopted for nefarious reasons but some are legitimate, good examples being stage names of performers and pen names of writers. People working under stage or pen names are often better known by their pen name than by their real one.
In fact it is easy to imagine that a person famous under their pen name might well choose to have two social media accounts, one under their assumed name which is used to communicate with their fans and one under their 'real' or 'birth' name which is used to communicate with family and close friends.
Depending on the reason for having more than one account you can make a choice of term for an account which is not associated with the 'real' identity from alias account, duplicate account and false (or fake) account.
Upvoted the existing answers for "sock puppet" and "alt," but since I have thoughts that are too long for a comment...
A well-maintained "second online life" on some platform is termed an alt account. The most common connotation of an "alt account" in my experience is when someone has, for example, one account where they post things "safe for prospective employers" and a second, probably private, account where they post pics of their wild weekend or their hot takes on national politics or whatever. Or maybe they have one Reddit account for /r/politics and an alt account for /r/hentai (so that the people who know their political views can't easily discover their tastes in pornography, and vice versa).
Alt accounts seem to be especially common among artists — you have a general-purpose account and then an alt account where you post nothing but art, so that people who like your art can just follow the alt. In that sense, an "alt account" is just a poor man's mechanism to achieve something like "post tags" on a platform that doesn't allow it: instead of having your art-followers subscribe to "posts by @Bella tagged #art", you just have them follow @BellaArt.
A related (slightly ironic) use of "alt account" I've seen is to describe the relationship between a writer and one of their online "characters"; for example, comedian Max Miller might refer to @HalfOnionInABag as an "alt account" under the preceding definition; and @HalfOnionInABag, in character, might ironically refer to Max Miller's real account as the onion's "alt."
What OP is describing — using multiple accounts to gin up the appearance of support for one's own position — is indeed sockpuppetry. The fake account itself is referred to as a sockpuppet — at least that's the spelling I would use. I see that other people in this very thread have already used the spellings sock puppet and sock-puppet; there may be some regional variation. (I'm an American thirtysomething with no experience of actual sock puppets; in fact I had to look up to confirm the difference between a sock puppet and a sock monkey.)
Wikipedia claims:
The first Oxford English Dictionary entry [for "sockpuppet" with any similar meaning] was "a person whose actions are controlled by another; a minion", with a citation from U.S. News and World Report, March 27, 2000. [However, the citation had nothing to do with online behavior.]
I would call them "alias accounts."
One possibility is a Ghost Account, though it does not have any kind of official definition. It seems to be more of a colloquial term; users of social media may be likely to use it, but it may not mean the same thing outside of those circles.
There is a definition that perfectly matches the question on Urban Dictionary (Ghost Account), if you trust that as a source.
Non-pejorative: "alt account" or "backup account"
Pejorative: "sock/sock puppet" or "bot"
