I surmise that the color pink refers to the same family of pale reddish colors today as it did during the specified period. The dictionaries seem relatively consistent throughout that time, and the things that would have been described as pink are more or less the same to my knowledge.
What the Dictionaries Suggest
The primary definition of the word pink in the A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Jonson (1755), An American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster (1828), The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1890) and Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) all refer to the Dianthius flower.
Johnson defines the color as "a color used by painters". Webster reiterrates this sentiment, but prefaces it with an express claim that the color is named for the flower. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia notes that pink has high luminosity but low chrominance, suggesting a color that is more white than red. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary reaffirms that it was named for the flower, and explains that it is a pure mixture of red with varying degrees of white. Regarding the non-red pink pigment variants, the C.D.C. acknowledged those terms, but pink by itself is still defined as a type of red.
There is a slight discrepancy in that the 1913 dictionary references a pure mixture of red and white, whereas the C.D.C. suggests a somewhat bluer hue by making reference to purple (which is a mixture of red and blue). However, I think that has moreso to do with:
- The imprecise nature of color names, and especially the commonplace ones: "It's not red; it's maroon." is a commonplace phrase.
- The fact that plants can be variable in color, even if they are strongly associated with a particular color.
Oranges are perhaps the best example of that second point, since sometimes the peels can tend more towards a yellowy orange, or a reddish orange, also depending on growing conditions. The May 24 2012 article When an Orange Isn't Orange, written by Stephen Stockwell for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reports on how oranges from Carnavon are pale due to the warmer climate, and have a harder time finding their way into stores as a result. Despite the article's name, the oranges shown within it are orange, although they are trending towards lemon yellow.
Based on the information from these books, I assume that no semantic shift occurred during the period from the 18th century through to the early 20th, and if that assumption is correct then all I need to do is bridge the early 20th century definition to the understanding of the word we have today. The same sort of variance exists today, as you can see from the Crayola Pretty Pink crayon box, which contains an assorted variety of pink crayons:
If the color name is derived from the flower, this might not be at odds with the flower based definition, since as you mentioned, the flowers vary in color somewhat.
The American Heritage Dictionary, 5th edition (©2016) and Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 11th edition both claim it is a high chrominance and low luminosity. Merriam-Webster adds that it ranges from bluish to pure red. Other contemporary dictionaries, like the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 5th edition seem to define it as a pale red color, which suggests some whiteness. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary also suggests that the flowers are pink or white in color.
- Any of the Numerous plants with narrow leaves tubular calyces, and petals, usu. with jagged edges, constituting the genus Dianthus (family Caryophyllaceae); spec. any of the garden forms or hybrids of D. Plumarius, with fragrant white or pink flowers, sometimes with a dark centre. Also, a flower of flowering stem of such a plant.
Since it is important to know the color of these flowers, here is a shrunken picture of some Dianthus Plumarius made by Ecelan of Wikimedia Commons, which is licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.
More Concrete Evidence:
There is only so much the dictionaries can do to help by themselves though, and especially so when semantic drift is involved. Relative values are subjective, and colors are among that category of thing that you really have to learn through observational instruction.
So my first thought is to cross-reference concrete nouns that would, in all likelihood, represent our understanding of pink today. Most of what I can find demonstrates that our current understanding of the word pink, as a general color, is at least the same as it was in the late 19th century.
Page 68 of the Ohio Journal of Dental Science, Volume 8 (1888), published by the Ransom and Randolph Company demonstrates that the gumline and rubber was considered pink back then:
Dear Doctor Haskell:— Your article on "Mineral Teeth" in the Janurary number of the Ohio Journal leads me to ask a few questions. First, what kind of pink rubber do you use in your practice for forming gums? How do you flask and finish and how do you manage to preserve or restore the color of the pink gums?
The Google ngrams library about ten unique instances where the words pink and pig are used together before the 19th century ends, starting in 1842. Pink pigs are strangely absent before then, and we don't really see any unambiguous instances until 1884 though, in Gibson's Law Notes, Volume 3, part 5 (May 1884) on page 129.
The other method is to see if we can see what a pink pigmant would have looked like during or before the 19th century, and see if it would be considered pink today. Unfortunately, I doubt I shall simply just stumble across a can of pink paint from the 19th century, but instructional texts should tell us how pink was artificially created, allowing us to recreate the appropriate color using the methods of the past today.
The best part is that the hard part has been done for me! A Manual of 18th Century Textile Dyeing by John Edmonds (2014) is imensively helpful, because Mr. Edmonds already did it for me. Plate 11 shows us what pink dye on silk and saffron yellow looks like.
That is undeniably pink, and the recipe dates back to A Practical Treatise on Dying Woolen, Cotton, and Silk by William Partridge, which was published in 1823 according to Mr. Edmonds.
Granted, that means he put the wrong century in the title of his book, but mistaking a century for the century prior is an easy mistake to make due to how the calendar dates are written. This is perhaps the most relevant proof, since dyed silk like this would be a material quite likely to be used to make fine garments.
Note that the relevant recipe, which is to dye pink on silk and found on page 144 of a 1834 printing of William Partridge's book, calls for cochineal. Cochineal are bugs that are often ground up to make red food dye, which may be called carmine by F.D.A. regulations. I mostly just mention this to verify that the above color is the intended result, although it is worth noting that strawberry flavored dairy products like Yoplait yogurt often end up pink when Carmine is used to color the white milk based product.
