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You see this in marketing sometimes, where a product or company with an acronym name later comes up with a phrase that fits the acronym for an ad campaign or a related product.
For example, if your company name is QP, after the founder Quincy Peterson, your marketing department might make a "Quality Products" campaign. Or they might name the new adhesive product "Quick Plastic."
Is there a word or phrase that describes this?
This is called a backronym or bacronym:
A backronym, or bacronym, is a constructed phrase that purports to be the source of a word that is an acronym.
(source: Wikipedia)
They give the AMBER Alert as an example; it was named after a girl whose name was Amber, but constructed the phrase "America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response" to fit the abbreviation.
