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I'd always thought that words like "physics" and "mathematics" were singular: after all, we say "physics is the study of…" etc. But apparently, according to the the comments on this question about "news", each of these words is actually a "plural noun [usually treated as singular]":

(edited) screenshot from comments on question 4146 about news (highlighting/ellipsis added by me)
(NOAD = New Oxford American Dictionary)

One, Is this categorization valid? That is, is it correct to say, as the NOAD does, that these words are indeed plural (but treated as singular), rather than to say that they are singular? The accepted answer on that question, by user RegDwigнt, has a different analysis that speaks in terms of “news” being "uncountable", "used with singular verbs", and "etymologically, it used to be a plural form", and thereby carefully avoids addressing this issue, of whether these nouns are indeed plural-treated-as-singular. So my question remains.

Two, If so, what makes these words plural? Is it the fact that they end in s? (Surely "bus" is not plural?) Is it history? (Were they used as plural at some time? How far back in history does one go to decide whether a noun is singular or plural?) Is it the fact that they don't have any distinct forms treated as plural?

Most importantly, why do we even have a grammatical category of "plural nouns treated as singular"? What purpose does it serve, and how are such nouns functionally distinguishable from nouns that are actually singular? When/if the reason is history, is there a rationale for saying "plural nouns treated as singular" rather than "singular nouns that were formerly plural"?

Edit: My question isn't just about "-ics" words, but all words in the category "plural nouns treated as singular" (assuming that the category isn't just -ics words).

Edit 2: The image and part "One" of the question were added later; previously I took for granted that the categorization was valid.

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    Other examples could be words of foreign origin like spaghetti and graffiti, names of diseases like measles and mumps, or names of games like checkers and billiards. Apart from etymology, I suspect they're not called singular because that would imply them being count nouns with plural forms. There is a short but interesting usage note on graffiti at this link to the OED online: oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0345170#m_en_gb0345170
    – Tragicomic
    Jan 11, 2011 at 8:48
  • @Tragicomic: That's illuminating, thanks. Some languages have nouns marked as "always singular" or "always plural", but since the grammatical category isn't common in English(?), I guess describing a noun as singular may indeed lead to the confusion that there exist plurals as well. Jan 11, 2011 at 9:25
  • This resource by the University of Washington considers physics and mathematics to be mass nouns, along with the names of other subjects, such as history and music. Sep 23, 2016 at 13:34
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    I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it does not mention the required division of usages into count and non-count, and fails to mention @RegDwight's more precise terminology (uncountable and ... used with singular verbs) / analysis in the previous (linked) thread. Sep 25, 2016 at 14:15
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    @EdwinAshworth Thanks, I've updated the question to account for the possibility that NOAD was wrong, and ask about it, to better reflect the question I had at the time (and to some extent still have). (It's generally the default that any of one's assumptions when asking a question may be incorrect, but it's better to make them explicit once they are pointed out as you have done. So thanks, I think this improves the question. I don't think it is (or was) off-topic to ask why certain words are reported plural by reputed sources, but I do not mind the question being closed now.) Sep 29, 2016 at 1:14

2 Answers 2

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Etymonline has this to say:

-ics
in the names of sciences or disciplines (acoustics, aerobics, economics, etc.) it represents a 16c. revival of the classical custom of using the neuter plural of adjectives with -ikos (see -ic) to mean "matters relevant to" and also as the titles of treatises about them. Subject matters that acquired their names in English before c.1500, however, tend to remain in singular (e.g. arithmetic, logic).

So yes, at some point in history, there were such things as physic (meaning "natural science"), mathematic (meaning "mathematical science"), etc. that were later turned into plural forms but kept being treated as singular.

Edit: having looked in a few more places, it appears that in contemporary English, it still makes some sense to have both the suffix -ic and its plural form -ics. According to the Collins English Dictionary, the former has kind of specialized in forming adjectives, while the latter is happily forming nouns:

-ic
suffix forming adjectives

  1. of, relating to, or resembling: allergic, Germanic, periodic. See also -ical.
    [...]

[from Latin -icus or Greek -ikos; -ic also occurs in nouns that represent a substantive use of adjectives (magic) and in nouns borrowed directly from Latin or Greek (critic, music)]

[...]

-ics
suffix forming nouns (functioning as singular)

  1. indicating a science, art, or matters relating to a particular subject: aeronautics, politics
  2. indicating certain activities or practices: acrobatics

[plural of -ic, representing Latin -ica, from Greek -ika, as in mathēmatika mathematics]

The key here is that they are not just two unrelated suffixes. Much rather, one is etymologically a plural form of the other. As the American Heritage Dictionary succinctly puts it, -ics is "-ic + -s".

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    Quite illuminating, thanks! Would you by any chance have a citation for the word "physics" or "mathematics" being used as plural? (And even with this history, why call them plural nouns still, instead of formerly plural nouns?) Nov 2, 2010 at 19:08
  • 1) I guess that such a citation must be hard to find, if it exists at all, because even when it was physic, a singular, it still referred to the sole, single, universal science of nature. There simply weren't two different physics (or mathematics) at that time, the single physic (and mathematic) encompassed everything about that science. 2) I guess it's just a classification, so as to distinguish these peculiar cases from other nouns. I guess we could call them "strangenics", if we so chose, but the term "plural nouns treated as singular" is probably more descriptive.
    – RegDwigнt
    Nov 2, 2010 at 19:49
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Edit: Thanks to @Edwin Ashworth in the comments below, it appears that the answer to Part One is No, this categorization of "plural noun treated as singular" is not valid and is basically just an imprecision on the part of the New Oxford American Dictionary.

As Wikipedia notes (bolding added),

Plural in form but singular in construction
Certain words which were originally plural in form have come to be used almost exclusively as singulars (usually uncountable); for example billiards, measles, news, mathematics, physics etc. Some of these words, such as news, are strongly and consistently felt as singular by fluent speakers. These words are usually marked in dictionaries with the phrase "plural in form but singular in construction" (or similar wording). Others, such as aesthetics, are less strongly or consistently felt as singular; for the latter type, the dictionary phrase "plural in form but singular or plural in construction" recognizes variable usage.

My impression from this is that a noun that is "plural in form" merely looks like (rather than unambiguously "is") a plural: possibly it was formed via the usual process by which plural forms are produced, and it may or may not have been used as plural (in terms of verb agreement) in the past.

Or we could define "plural" by either form or function (morphology or syntax):

  • We can look at verb agreement to say when a noun is used as plural, or

  • We can look at the form of a word, disregarding how it is used.

These often match, but when they don't — words like "mathematics" or "billiards", for which we always say "mathematics is…", never "mathematics are…" — the right thing may be to use alternative clearer terms, like "nouns taking plural agreement" ("nouns plural in construction") and "nouns plural in form", rather than to call them plural as NOAD does. And of course, often these occur with non-count usage, so there is no question of calling them singular or plural, which makes the category of "plural noun treated as singular" even more suspect.


[Original answer (to Part Two) below]

I still haven't seen any examples that aren't -ics words (besides 'news'), but let me post a tentative answer for the -ics case: I remembered something I had quoted in the inning/innings singular/plural question, and looked up Fowler. Under -ics, the book says:

-ics. 1. Among the names of sciences, arts, or branches of study, are a few words in -ic that rank as real English; the chief are logic, magic, music, & rhetoric; but the normal form is -ics, as in acoustics, classics, dynamics, ethics, mathematics, physics, politics, tactics. The substitution of -ic for -ics

2. Grammatical number of -ics. This is not so simple a matter as it is sometimes thought. The natural tendency is to start with a fallacy: We say Mathematics is (& not are) a science; therefore mathematics is singular. But the number of is there is at least influenced, if not (whether legitimately or otherwise) determined, by that of a science. The testing should be done with sentences in which there is not a noun complement to confuse the issue:—Classics are, or is, now taking a back seat ; Conics is, or are, easier than I expected ; What are, or is, his mathematics like? ; Politics are, or is, most fascinating ; Your heroics are, or is, wasted on me ; Athletics are, or is, rampant in the big schools ; Tactics are, or is, subordinate to strategy.   The rules that emerge are:  (1) Singular for the name of a science strictly so used; Metaphysics, or Acoustics, deals with abstractions, or sound.  (2) Plural for those same names more loosely used, e.g. for a manifestation of qualities; often recognizable by the presence of his, the, &c.:  His mathematics are weak ; Such ethics are abominable ; The acoustics of the hall are faulty.  (3) Plural for names denoting courses of action or the like : Heroics are out of place ; Hysterics leave me cold.  (4) The presence of a singular noun complement often makes the verb singular: Mathematics, or even Athletics, is his strong point.

So that long discussion very well illustrates the circumstances in which -ics words are sometimes used as singular and sometimes plural (though I wouldn't say "His mathematics are weak", for some reason). Note that it seems to be discussing when a certain -ics word is singular and when it's plural, not saying that it's always plural and discussing when it's treated one way or the other.

Anyway, along with RegDwight's useful answer, my hypothesis for my original question is this: if a singular word X exists (e.g. mathematic), and the word Y is formed from X by the normal rules of English pluralisation, then word Y is called "plural", even if it has never been used in the plural.

Of course, all this still doesn't answer the latter question of what purpose this category serves etc.

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    It is best to first of all differentiate between 'nouns plural in form' (men, billiards, bowls [game here], measles, mumps, mathematics, confetti, trousers ...) and 'nouns taking plural agreement' (men, ... trousers; mathematics in a few cases). The two sets don't align perfectly; one has to go with standard usage where logic seems to fail. The mismatches have arisen through evolutionary change – as with a lot of English, it's pointless asking 'But what purpose is served?' Notice also notional mismatches or at least ambiguous treatment (data is/are; panini is).... Sep 2, 2016 at 8:32
  • The Wikipedia article on English plurals is good. Sep 2, 2016 at 8:33
  • @EdwinAshworth My question with "what purpose is served" is "Is there a reason for us right now to declare this noun as a ‘plural noun treated as singular’, rather than simply declare this noun as a singular noun?". The English language evolves, but surely descriptions of English can evolve as well. For example, you seem to be saying that "billiards" is an example of the category "plural noun treated as singular". Why not declare "billiards" as a singular noun now, given that we always say "billiards is", never "billiards are"? What do we gain from calling it a plural noun? That's my question. Sep 2, 2016 at 20:19
  • @EdwinAshworth In the Wikipedia article, I guess relevant section is Plural words becoming singular, which says some of these words (like "news"), are “strongly and consistently felt as singular by fluent speakers” and “usually marked in dictionaries with the phrase "plural in form but singular in construction" (or similar wording)”. I can accept that. Here, I read "plural in form" as "looks like a plural" (etc). What do we gain from going further and saying "it is actually a plural"? Sep 2, 2016 at 20:26
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    "I still haven't seen any examples that aren't -ics words (besides 'news')" - what about the word "series"? Apr 5, 2022 at 8:23

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