Is "Pre-Raphaelite" capitalized? [closed]

Question

Is the art term "Pre-Raphaelite" capitalized or is it spelled "pre-Raphaelite"? What is the general policy for the orthography of "pre-"?

For example,

The Pre‑Raphaelites emphasized attention to nature and drew inspiration from Medieval literature.

Answer 1

Capital P, capital R. It is a proper noun. In The Germ, a journal published by the artistic group themselves, William Rossetti, brother of Dante Gabriel, in 1850, shows the name of the group as "Præraphaelite Brotherhood", but by 1894 Esther Wood was using the modern form in her Dante Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. In 1901 it was referred to as the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood" in a reprint of The Germ. This is how the Rossetti Archive shows it today.

ART TERM

PRE-RAPHAELITE

The Pre-Raphaelites were a secret society of young artists (and one writer), founded in London in 1848. They were opposed to the Royal Academy’s promotion of the ideal as exemplified in the work of Raphael.

http://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pre-raphaelite

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17649/17649-h/17649-h.htm

http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/ap4.g415.raw.html

Answer 2

The hyphenated and double-capitalized "Pre-Raphaelite" appears to be the spelling that is most common and most commonly recommended. The American Heritage Dictionary says "also pre-Raphaelite".

It's unclear to me whether there is any generally applicable rule that explains the capitalization of "Pre-" here. Sven Yargs's answer to "Hyphens in words with prefixes like neo-Nazism" says that the prefix neo-/Neo-, which I think seems similar, often is spelled with lowercase N in words like "neo-Darwinism, neo-Expressionism, neo-Freudian, neo-Gothic, neo-Malthusian, neo-Nazism".

Perhaps some kind of distinction could be drawn based on the fact that expressions like "Pre-Raphaelites" and "Pre-Raphaelism", in their most common usage, do not refer to "precursors to a movement of Raphaelism" but "followers of a movement inspired by the painters who preceded Raphael". In other words, it's not formed by prefixing "pre-" to "Raphaelism", but by combining "pre-" with "Raphael" and then affixing "-ism". Nevertheless, spellings with lowercase P are in fact attested in sources from various time periods; the OED provides the following quotations that illustrate this:

1850 Athenæum 27 Apr. 455 He [sc. W. H. Deverell]..has painted..heads and limbs with an appreciation of higher and better example than those which enthral the minds of his pre-Raphaelite brethren.

1974 J. Christian Pre-Raphaelites in Oxf. 27 Port Meadow has many pre-Raphaelite associations. Hunt would paint here... Only Ruskin said its beauty was spoilt for him by the sight of the nearby slums of Jericho.

1999 Marie Claire Health & Beauty Sept. 42/2 Hairdresser Marc Lopez swept loose curls into an unstructured up-do, then a headful of pre-Raphaelite waves.

Other possibly similarly constructed words that might be compared:

• pre-Adamite/Præ-adamite/Pre-Adamite/præadamite/Preadamite

• pre-Socratic/Presocratic

• pre-Darwinianism

• Preboreal/pre-Boreal and Precambrian/Pre-Cambrian (mentioned in tchrist's answer here)

There is no general rule saying to capitalize the prefix pre- when a hyphen is used to combine it with a capitalized word

The Chicago Manual of Style, edition 16 says

premodern, preregistration, prewar, preempt, but pre-Columbian, Pre-Raphaelite (pre lowercase or capital as in dictionary; lowercase if term is not in dictionary)

There is no general rule saying to capitalize a word that refers to a cultural movement or art style

The Editorial Style Manual of The Pennsylvania State University suggests that "cultural movements and styles" should not be capitalized in general, but only when they are derived from proper nouns:

Cynicism, Doric, Gothic, Neoplatonism, Pre-Raphaelite, Romanesque; but baroque, classical, cubism, Dadaism, modernism, neoclassicism, postmodernism, romanticism.

Different preferences are attested in prescriptive sources

I found a book from 1911, "135000 Words Spelled and Pronounced (Preferred Form)", by John Hendricks Bechtel, that favors the spelling "pre-raphaelite", which is now uncommon:

Proper nouns and adjectives preceded by pre- are written with lower-case and a hyphen: pre-adamite, pre-mosaic, pre-raphaelite.

(p. 55)