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Just as there are those among us who are predisposed to develop physical strength more easily than others, mental strength seems to come more naturally to some people. There are several factors at play to determine the ease at which you develop mental strength:
What does "play" mean in this context?
At play that is, exerting an influence on:
being something that helps produce or influence a result - Several issues are at play in determining the price of gasoline.(M-W)
A related idiom is come into play also bring sth into play:
If something comes into play, it starts to have a use or an effect in a particular situation, and if it is brought into play, it is given a use or an effect: In the summer months a different set of climatic factors come into play. (Cambridge Dictionary)
Respecting the context and style of the sentence:
"Just as there are those among us who are predisposed to develop physical strength more easily than others, mental strength seems to come more naturally to some people. There are several factors at play to determine the ease at which you develop mental strength:"
I would re-write it:
“Just as there are those among us who are predisposed to develop physical strength more easily than others, mental strength seems to come more naturally to some people. There are several factors influencing (or affecting) the ease at which you develop mental strength:"
