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Broadside: it means "Verbal Attack"
Aboveboard: means "Honest"
Underwrite: means "Financial support"
Can you please help me understand what are these called? I am aware of Homonyms and Homophones but obviously these words are something different.
I want to know their classification and of course some source where I can learn more about words like these (who appear different but mean different)
I don't think there is any collective name for the words you list. Their meanings have evolved over several centuries. To learn more about such words you need to consult a good dictionary that provides the derivations of words.
A broadside originally referred to all the guns along one side of a ship being fired together; the meaning of an angry verbal attack is a metaphor.
Aboveboard refers to card players keeping their hands above the table (that is, not cheating).
Underwrite presumably refers to someone signing their name to a legal document.
