There are a variety of such phrases,
just as there is a spectrum of severity of the dirty deed.
A fairly mild one is he went behind my back:
to do something that is kept a secret from someone affected by it.
Or he upstaged me:
To divert attention or praise from; force out of the spotlight:
a vice president who repeatedly tried to upstage the president.
A somewhat more severe one is he pulled the rug out from under me:
to suddenly take away important support from someone:
The school pulled the rug from under the local team
by making them pay to practice in the school gym.
The harshest one that that springs to mind is
he stabbed me in the back:
to betray someone
to do something secretly to harm someone:
A lot of women in this business
think they have to stab each other in the back to get ahead.