The sentence is, "Listen to what she has to say." "To" is clearly a preposition, and "what she has to say" is clearly the prepositional complement. This is where I'm having trouble. How do I analyze "what she has to say". For example, is "what she has to say" a subordinate clause, or is it a noun phrase? This article calls it a subordinate clause, but I have my doubts. "What" doesn't seem like a subordinator in this context, because it seems to have a lexical meaning (Contrast "what" with "that" in the sentence, "He says that the leaves are brown"), and "she has to say" doesn't seem capable of standing on its own. So is it a noun phrase? If so, how do I analyze it? Thank you in advance for your time!
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The word “what” is also normally categorized as a pronoun if it is used for asking questions about something or if it is used to substitute a noun. (what = the words)– FumbleFingersApr 23 '16 at 15:09
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1This is a 'fused relative construction' in which what she has to say is a noun phrase as complement of the prep "to". “What” is a fused relative word in which the antecedent and the relativised element are fused together instead of being expressed separately as in simpler constructions. The meaning is comparable to the non-fused Listen to the thing (that) she has to say where “thing” is the head of the NP and “she has to say” is the relative clause. In other words “what” means “the thing (that)”– BillJApr 23 '16 at 15:18
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It is not a subordinate clause, it is a noun phrase, and the object of the preposition "to." It may be replaced by a pronoun:
Listen to it.
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1But in the sentence "he said that the leaves are brown," "that the leaves are brown" is clearly a subordinate clause, and yet, it can be replaced by a pronoun: "he said something" Apr 23 '16 at 15:17
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It is a sub clause, but it is not connected to an independent clause. Rather, "he said that the leaves are brown" is a matrix clause. In this case, the subordinating conjunction "that" signals the dependent clause "the leaves are brown," but somehow "He said" does not seem to be an independent clause. "He said" can stand alone—it has a subject and a predicate—but in some way it does not seem to communicate anything. With a sentence that includes a truly independent clause and a dependent clause, we get information from both. In your original sentence, you have an independent clause, "Listen,"– user66965Apr 23 '16 at 15:31
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which is a command form with the “you” implied, which is generally considered an intransitive verb—it does not take a direct object. To indicate what should be listened to, you need the prepositional phrase. “What she had to say” is not a clause like “the leaves are brown”—the latter contains a subject and a predicate, the former does not.– user66965Apr 23 '16 at 15:31