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Do I clearly understand difference between this two sentences?
"How long do you dance?" - As I understand I can use this sentence to ask a person about his expirience in dancing.
"How long have you been dancing?" - As I understand it is good for case when someone is dancing in the club (right now) and I am asking him about how much time he is dancing there?
The question is: Can I use the second sentence in situation when I want to ask a professional dancer about years of his dancing expirience?
Your first question
How long do you dance?
sounds very weird to me. The only interpretation is the one in the comments: how long does your performance last?
Your other question
How long have you been dancing?
is the perfect form to ask someone who is dancing right now, and you want to ask how much time has passed since they have started dancing. USUALLY, sentences with the present perfect continuous express how long you have done something with no interruption.
However, you may want to ask a third thing:
How long have you danced? How long have you been a dancer?
This could be when you see a very good dancer, and you ask how many years of experience he has. Sentences with the present perfect express how long you have done something with interruptions.
A typical example is:
How long have you been studying English? I have been studying for 3 hours (continuously, with very little breaks)
How long have you studied English? I have studied it for 4 years (obviously, you have done other things too!)
Yes, you can. As an instance, you can find this question in the link below which was asked from a professional Kaplan teacher during a formal interview,How long have you been teaching English? And how long have you been with Kaplan?
I assume the same is true about dancing, as Job Shadow describes his experience in dancing as, I have been dancing/ performing since I was five years old
About your first question the difference I mean, present simple describes routines. So when you asks, "How long do you dance?", you might get an answer like, "I dance four hours a day." or the addressee might infer from your question his ability to keep dancing for a particular period of time, so might get this response, "I can dance for three hours, what have you got?" :)
One more point according to Top Notch 2 by Saslow and Ascher,
When describing continuing and unfinished action with for and since, the present perfect and the present perfect continuous are both correct. Some people feel the present perfect continuous emphasizes the continuing time a bit more
