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Is it correct to write "You" with a capital Y as a form of politeness? If yes, should I use that form throughout the entire letter/document, or only at specific places?

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No, it would be seen as unusual, perhaps archaic. The only reason I is capitalised is that i doesn't stand out visually, and needs added visual emphasis. He, Him, and His are capitalised when referring to God (or variations thereof) in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic texts. In that context, You and Your (or more typically Thou, Thee, Thy, and Thine) would also be capitalised.

Certain titles such as Her Majesty the Queen also include capitalised pronouns, but simply because they're titles, like Doctor or Professor.

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    In German, it is considered polite to capitalize "Du" resp. "Sie" in writing.
    – Simon Richter
    Jun 17, 2011 at 10:12
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    I would find it strange even on wedding invitations.
    – Colin Fine
    Jun 17, 2011 at 11:14
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    +1 - also worth nothing that some strongly religious people might be offended if you used a capitalised pronoun for a person (as the use of the capital letter can be seen as "reserved" for god only)
    – mikera
    Jun 17, 2011 at 13:03
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    @Mikera As a strongly religious person, let me reply that I would not be offended by someone using "You" to refer to someone other than God. I'd just think they didn't know proper English usage. Considering all the very deliberate blasphemies in the world, I doubt God would put this high on his list of things to be concerned about. :-)
    – Jay
    Sep 5, 2012 at 17:19
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    @mikera "worth nothing" indeed.
    – user193661
    Nov 18, 2015 at 8:49
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Capitalized pronouns in English, besides "I", are invariably used to refer to some higher power, most often the God of the Judeo-Christian faiths. The only other proper usage of capitalization of pronouns is in titles.

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Ditto Jon Purdy that we do not normally capitalize "You" in English. I can think of only two exceptions. One is the case already mentioned, references to God. The other is some legal contracts that have a section of definitions at the top where they carefully define "You" or "YOU" to refer to a specific category of person, like, "By 'You' we mean a person who has registered as a client of our company, who meets the requirements detailed in section 2.3.B, and whose membership is fully paid as of the date ..." etc etc. Then in the text they put "You" or "YOU" instead of a plain "you" to remind the reader that they are using the word in this very specific sense.

I definitely would not capitalize "you" just to show politeness or respect. Few English-speakers would understand that that was your intent. They'd just wonder why you used the odd capitalization.

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I think it is not weird to use capital Y in 'You' because unlike in French and Hindi where You has the form "vous" and "aap/tum" respectively, to show more respect and politeness, English lacks it completely. In that sense it is not weird at all.

However, it is true that it might strike some people and that it is used in English referring to God. But i read a fantastic article some years back that convinced me to write a small "i" instead of a capital one, and to make the y capital in "You" to show more respect to the person, and attach a modesty to oneself.

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