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There's an account of the British ae/oe and American "e" spellings (as in diarrh(o)ea, f(a)eces, and other fun words) on wikipedia.

What I'm wondering is why, even in British English, pedagogue/pedagogy etc. lose the "a", despite coming from the same "paid-" root as e.g. paediatrics.

I've checked the OED, and the ped- spelling seems to consistently predate paed- - as in e.g. Pedocracy (1647) and Paedocracy (2000). Here, for those who have access.

So, can anyone:

  • shed any light as to why/when/how British English regained that lost vowel in all other ae/oe words than pedagog-?
  • and/or suggest other words with similar behaviour in British English?

UPDATE: to clarify, the question put more technically is: what is the basis for some words containing what were originally Ancient Greek diphthongs oi/ai coming into the language informally referred to as British English written with just an "e" and not ae/oe?

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    'British English' is ill-defined. AHDEL and M-W have diarrhoea ... n. Chiefly British Variant of diarrhea. // RHK Websters does not flag diarrhea or diarrhoea. // As is 'American English, where, for example, 'theater' and 'theatre' are both to be found. Dec 11, 2015 at 19:48
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    @EdwinAshworth but "theatre" in the US is (depending on the case) an Anglophilic affectation or the use of a historic name (as with Centre Street in New York City). Perhaps this underscores your point that these standards are fluid, though I would not say they are ill defined.
    – phoog
    Dec 11, 2015 at 20:55
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    Interestingly in at least some British accents the pronunciation differs in the same way as the spelling. A long history?
    – Chris H
    Dec 11, 2015 at 22:07
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    @ChrisH: The pronunciation differs though even for people who spell them both with "ped." Also, there are words like aesthetics where "ae" represents the sound in pedagogue, and words like genome where "e" represents the sound in paediatrics. So I doubt there is any connection between the difference in spelling and the difference in pronunciation.
    – herisson
    Dec 11, 2015 at 23:31
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    @Sumelic, I only wanted to speak for accents I'm familiar with and I know I've heard paed- pronounced with the short e in some American accents. So I didn't want to over state the coincidence. It probably is only a coincidence but an interesting one if the root is common.
    – Chris H
    Dec 12, 2015 at 8:54

1 Answer 1

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pedagogue is mostly from French, paediatrics is mostly from Latin

Well, as the OED says, although the word pedagogue comes from Greek if you go back far enough, the immediate sources of the English word are French and Latin. (You can see the French influence on the spelling in the use of -gue to represent a hard g sound.) In fact, with the exception of the acute accent, the French word pédagogue is spelled identically to the English word pedagogue.

This suggests to me that when the word entered Middle English, it was basically a borrowing from French, and so started out with the French spelling. Later on, as it became more established as an English word, the French spelling became less relevant, but the Latin/Greek origin was still obvious. So people began using the ae spelling that more closely corresponds to the Greek etymology.

The word p(a)ediatrics is more recent and also more clearly derived directly from Latin (from words like paediatria and paediatricus/-ica). A French form pédiatrique is attested as having some use in the OED, but it clearly did not win out.

Edit: the pronunciation probably influenced the modern spelling

Chris suggested in a comment here that the spelling might be connected to the pronunciation. Although I initially did not think this was true, I now have found some evidence that caused me to change my mind. It seems to be pretty rare in British English for the digraphs ae and oe to be pronounced as lax /ɛ/. Most apparent counterexamples I first thought of, such as aesthetics, anaesthetize and diaeresis, seem to have variant pronunciations with /iː/ that are used in British English. (And see the comment here by a British speaker: “Oestrogen” and “oesophagus” — why are they spelled differently in British English?) If the spelling ae has come to be strongly associated with the sound /iː/ in British English, this might provide a reason why British people came to prefer the spelling pedagogue.

Similar words:

  • heretic, heresy, which also have lax e in the first syllable. Heretic ultimately comes from Latin haereticus, but like pedagogue it entered English through French (hérétique) and the earliest spellings in English used simple e, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (for example, eretik(e), heretyk(e), heretike). The OED also records some variant spellings with ae such as hæretik, hæretick(e), hæretique but they are no longer used.
  • spherical is also traditionally pronounced with lax e, even though its Latin ancestor sphaericus has ae, and the spelling variant sphærical which was used at some points in the past has not survived. (The earliest forms of this word are spelled with "e" and start with "sp," like "sperycall.") Of course, the corresponding noun sphere has tense e and is also spelled with the single vowel letter "e," which is another reason that we wouldn't expect spherical to be spelled with ae, regardless of the pronunciation.
  • pre-: this prefix comes from Latin prae-, but it is never spelled that way in modern English. These spellings have occasionally been used in the past, though, like praelude and praesident. It is generally pronounced as /priː/, but there are some words where it represents /prɛ/.
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  • I think the influence of French may be a positive line of inquiry, but I'm afraid I don't understand your middle paragraph. According to the OED there are some attestations of paedagogue but it was pedagogue that won out
    – rubie
    Dec 15, 2015 at 10:52

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