Past tense of “to lie” versus past tense of “to lay”

Question

This part I understand clearly:

present past    past participle
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lie     lay     lain    
lay     laid    laid

I already understand that and so am not asking how to conjugate these two different verbs: I do already know how to conjugate both of them. Rather, I just don’t know how to remember how to conjugate them so that this sticks in my brain.

Both Professor Malcolm Gibson's Wonderful World of Words and Grammar Girl offer mnemonics for the present tense — so I again stress that I am not asking about that! However, they offer nothing for the past tenses. Grammar Girl even confesses:

I tried and tried to come up with a mnemonic for this, but I couldn’t do it. [. . .] Practice will help, and truthfully, I still have to look them up every time I use them.

How can I come to grips with this confusing conjugation, in order to intuit or assimilate it as far as possible, and to help me remember?

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Footnote

I was inspired to ask this by Kosmonaut’s laconic remark:

Most people don’t even know the correct paradigm for conjugating these verbs [read: lie and lay].

Is there such a “paradigm”?

Answer 1

Mnemonic: “Use a d when there is a direct object”

The paradigm is the fixed-format part which you say you are perfectly clear on already:

present tense	past tense	past participle
lie	lay	lain
lay	laid	laid

You say you know that and that you are not asking about that. Fine: that solves the paradigm question, since you already know it.

As for actually remembering which is which, which I presume to be your real question, you need an aide-mémoire. Now, it is easier to construct a mnemonic for past participles than for simple pasts, but this will suffice because it leads to the right answer for both:

• Use the n in recline to match up with the same letter in lain.
• Use the d in direct object to match up with the same letter in laid.
  NB: This one also works for the past tense.

Therefore, the key concept for the memory-aid is that direct object begins with the letter d, and so too do the past and past participle of to lay both end with that same letter.

Here’s your distilled memory-aid:

1. If there is a direct object, use a d in the past and past participle — so lay, laid, laid.

2. If there is no direct object, don’t use a d in the past or past participle — so lie, lay, lain.

To distill it even further, your mnemonic for remembering the paradigm is therefore “d for direct object”.

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As far as what is meant is concerned, no matter which verb is called (or shanghaied) into service, the transitive use with a direct object always means to place something down while the intransitive one without an object always means to rest, recline, remain.

In other words, while you can lay things, things themselves simply lie there and do nothing.

To illustrate with a more Latinate example of combined forms used as participial adjectives that you might better connect with, underlying means subjacent (so resting beneath) while overlaid means superimposed (so placed on top of something else).

Answer 2

I don't know whether this will help you but for Germans the English forms are not so difficult. Compare:

E lie ------lay --- lain

G liegen lag gelegen (irregular verb type)

E lay ----laid --laid

G legen legte gelegt (regular verb type)

If it doesn't help you have to invent your own aid for remembering these forms.

Another memory aid.

1 lay was a regular verb: lay layed layed.

In the middle of a word y becomes i, so you get lay laied layed. Drop e of ed as this e is no great use.

2 Now if this memory aid helps and you know that the second verb is lie you have to remember that the second form is like the first form of verb 1. So you get

lie lay

As this verb was irregular the third form has -en. You get layen. Change y into i and drop e as in the forms of verb 1. This way you get

lie lay lain