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This question was asked and closed last year as general reference. However, it did not attract the caliber of answer I expected it to. I suggested the following content as an edit, but it was rejected for "changing too much" (even though I believe "the original meaning or intent of the post" was well preserved). Additionally, "what is the correct abbreviation for millions, billions and trillions in a financial context?" touches on the topic from a financial news writing perspective without touching on financial documents. And this question admits to the commonness of M and MM, but merely concludes not to mix the two. Therefore, I am posting this question because I believe it would benefit from a canonical, thorough answer.

It is a common accounting practice to use Roman Numeral suffixes to abbreviate numbers that are in the thousands and millions. See this google search, which includes this article1 as the most authoritative explanation.

The Roman numeral M is often used to indicate one thousand, and MM is used to indicate one million. For example, an expense of $60,000 might appear as $60M. Sales of $3,000,000 might be written as $3MM. Internet advertisers are familiar with CPM which is the cost per thousand impressions.

In recent years some people began using k to represent one thousand. For example, an annual salary of $60,000 might appear as $60k instead of $60M.

In a recent business publication I saw million represented by mn and also by m (both lower case). This means it is possible for you to see $1,400,000 expressed as $1.4 million or $1.4mn or $1.4m or $1.4MM or $1,400k or $1,400M.

Wikipedia's article on Roman Numerals implies that this is no longer the case:

Roman numerals however proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records...

Even while the article on the number Million mentions it is still in use.

[One million] can be abbreviated MM in some financial contexts.

And neither article (or the references) provide any guidance to what situation each abbreviation is more suited to. The only hard rule I know of is the advertising world where cost-per-impression is typically abbreviated CPM for cost per thousand impression. Clearly, the first wikipedia article linked would be more accurate to say that Roman numerals persisted into the 21st century.

As an author, how can you decide when it is appropriate to use metric abbreviations or roman numeral abbreviations? When writing a quote for an order for products, would you write 25K or 25M to refer to 25,000 parts(or pounds or units)?

As a reader, how can you decipher whether a document is using metric or roman numeral abbreviations? If all the numbers are in the same range and abbreviated the same way (i.e. there are no occurrences of k or MM elsewhere), what other clues can you use?

1: Accounting Coach, accountingcoach.com by Harold Averkamp, who claims CPA and MBA status. Retrieved 2014-08-25 19:25 UTC.

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    No need to defend the question: it is legitimate. My take (coming from US; specifically NYC and a Wall Street context) is that "M" is literally never used to indicate "thousands", and I would read "$60M" immediately and unambiguously as "$60 million" and would be very -- diplomatically speaking -- resistant if someone claimed it meant "$60,000". I think you'll find another current of resistance stemming from the rise S.I. units, particularly the now-ubiquitous "MB" (for million bytes). In other words: for the avoidance of doubt (aka extreme ambiguity): don't use "M" to mean "thousand".
    – Dan Bron
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:36
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    MB does not mean million bytes, it means Mega bytes, which is 1024*1024. I agree that $60M would be million dollars, and never thousand dollars.
    – Oldcat
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:46
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    @Oldcat There is a really old, really tiresome debate about whether "mega" the in megabyte means 10^6 or 2^20, but the short story is it means 10^6, and the use for 2^20 is deprecated. See Wikipedia's article on Megabyte for all the gory details.
    – Dan Bron
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:48
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    When talking bytes, kilo and mega are binary.
    – Oldcat
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:49
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    @Oldcat, I work in the field as well, as do 90% of the participants of StackExchange. The Wikipedia article is a summary of all the secondary sources, which themselves are summaries of the primary sources. You don't like it, and I don't (well, didn't, initially) like it, but "mega" means 10^6, as it has for 5000 years (and you may be interested in WP's article on binary prefixes which were introduced for just this purpose).
    – Dan Bron
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:53

2 Answers 2

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M is for mega, k is for kilo. See for example http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html. And these are Greek rather than Roman. Thus, a Roman M is indeed a thousand, and a Greek M is a million.

There is also the dualism of decimal vs. binary quantities, e.g. is kilo 1000 or 1024. It can be either.

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    Please note that (a) I agree with you but (b) @PatrickM is asking about suffixes, not prefixes, and "M" and "k" are for "mega-" and "kilo-" in specific contexts. Elucidating those contexts would improve your answer, and (likely) earn a +1 from me, at the very least.
    – Dan Bron
    Aug 25, 2014 at 20:59
  • When K means 1024, it is generally capitalized. A lower-case 'k' means 1000, in accordance with SI Aug 25, 2014 at 22:21
  • @Dan Bron Suffixes follow Greek practice, Roman are normally stand alone. Like now is MMXIV. Aug 26, 2014 at 5:40
  • @jonathan, that's worth adding to your answer (as a rationale for not using M to mean 1,000)
    – Dan Bron
    Aug 26, 2014 at 9:43
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I have never seen or heard of Roman numerals used in this way, and thus I would say they are never appropriate. MM would be two thousand in Roman numerals, never a million. The only extension for Roman numerals to allow larger numbers I have ever heard of used a bar over the symbol, so that I with a bar is equal to M, V bar was MMMMM.

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