Someone recently pointed out to me that most English-speakers will say "I saw a big brown spider," rather than "I saw a brown big spider". However, the second sentence has the same literal meaning as the first.
Are there instances in which adjectives are non-commutative, so that permuting the order of the adjectives changes the literal meaning of what's being said?
In describing books,
my collectible first editions
would mean the earliest printing of the books, whereas
my first collectible editions
would mean the books that the speaker collected the earliest.
And it's not just because "first edition" is a technical term. "My horrible first year at college" is different from "My first horrible year at college" for the same reason.
EDIT: I've found another, quite different, and possibly better, example. Consider
poor unfortunate men
and
unfortunate poor men
(And if anybody thinks I cribbed this example from Disney's The Little Mermaid, they're completely correct.)
In the first, poor means pitiful and in the second, it means impoverished.
Why? I think it has to do with natural adjective order—in poor unfortunate men, the adjective poor is an opinion, which comes first in the order; while in unfortunate poor men, the adjective poor comes after unfortunate, so it has to be a quality (like unfortunate) and not an opinion.
The same thing happens, even less ambiguously, if you use tiny rather than unfortunate, because in the adjective order, size comes between opinion and quality. So in
poor tiny men
poor means pitiful, while in
tiny poor men
it means impoverished.
As pointed out elsewhere, “'local crumbed scallops' would be already-crumbed scallops obtained locally; 'crumbed local scallops' would be scallops obtained locally and then crumbed after being obtained”.
Generally speaking, there is a natural adjective order in English, which is everything but commutative. And “I saw a brown big spider” strikes me as ungrammatical.
Sure, as others have pointed out already, you can make it grammatical by putting the stress on brown, and regarding big spider as a single fixed unit. But that's precisely the thing: you have to jump through hoops, and even then it means something slightly different. (Yes, as you have pointed out in a comment, in a row of spiders it might still point out the exact same spider; but it is not saying the exact same thing about that spider.)
First off, an interesting aside. Someone else pondering your question led indirectly to the creation of the entire fantasy genre:
"I first tried to write a story when I was about seven. It was about a dragon. I remember nothing about it except a philological fact. My mother said nothing about the dragon, but pointed out that one could not say 'a green great dragon', but had to say 'a great green dragon'. I wondered why, and still do. The fact that I remember this is possibly significant, as I do not think I ever tried to write a story again for many years, and was taken up with language."
From "Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien".
To answer your question:
Are there instances in which adjectives are non-commutative, so that permuting the order of the adjectives changes the literal meaning of what's being said?
Yes, lots. For example, consider the mathematician's definition of "diameter". Suppose you have a shape -- any shape, in any number of dimensions -- and you want to find its diameter. How can we define diameter on an arbitrary shape?
It's actually straightforward. Consider every possible pair of points on the object, and consider every possible "path" between those two points. For each pair of points, find the shortest of those paths. The length of that path is the shortest distance between those two points. Now find the pair of points that has the longest shortest path between them. The length of that path is the diameter.
Clearly the "longest shortest path" is very different than the "shortest longest path".
See also my article about finding the longest shortest shortest path between poppyseeds on a bagel, if this subject interests you.
I have 6 spiders, named S1 through S6. I have two containers, A and B.
Container A houses my collection of big spiders - S1, S2, and S3. S1 is brown, while S2 and S3 are red.
Container B houses my collection of brown spiders - S4, S5 and S6. S4 is big, while S5 and S6 are small.
I would say that the big brown spider was S4, while the brown big spider was S1.
I would say that the two sentences had different meanings.
This may not be as drastic a change as you were hoping for, but it's at least fairly natural: sometimes the same word can serve either to describe one's opinion of the noun in question (which would put the adjective first in the order), or its purpose (which puts it last). Thus moving the adjective can change from one sense to the other - for example,
A red ornamental vase
is a vase whose purpose is to be ornamental (whether one's opinion is that it is decorative or not), while
An ornamental red vase
says that the vase is, in fact, aesthetically pleasing, whatever its original purpose (which may be merely holding plants).
Emphasis and meaning (and 'literal' meaning?) can be different.
Let's say you have some goats. Some of them are big goats, and a minority the big goats are prickly goats -- they have wiry hair that pricks you if you touch them. There is only one small goat, Napoleon, who is prickly. Some of the smaller goats are neither prickly nor soft, but generally the small goats are soft-haired. You might see a goat that is big for one of the small goats, and this is a big small goat. This is different from a small big goat, which is smaller than the biggest big goats, but still obviously a big goat. It might be a prickly big goat, or a small prickly goat. It might be a small prickly goat, and a softer one of the big prickly goats, but still obviously a prickly goat, and a big goat. Even if it is a small prickly big goat, it's still a big goat that is prickly. A prickly small goat might not be the same as a small prickly goat. If the small prickly goat is not Napoleon, then probably it is just a smaller big goat, i.e., a small prickly goat. That, or someone has described a small goat as having a rebarbative personality, though not literally a wiry coat.
The meaning isn't necessarily the same. You could be looking at brown(big spider) and big(brown spider), because you could have a white(big spider) or a small(brown spider). The emphasis is different.
The way you're thinking of it is (big, brown,)spider or (brown, big,) spider which do end up meaning the same thing.
So, yes, changing the order of adjectives can definitely change the meaning.
In general, there is a "natural" order of adjectives, which may even be universal across languages (I seem to recall this has been discussed here before).
But, it is sometimes possible to deliberately place adjectives out of order to emphasise/focus them.
