Sorry if this ends up as a rant.
You have realised what feminists call man as the default. In that if you don't say the word woman it is taken to be a man (unless you are discussing such things as cleaning or caring).
The man who has it all (twitter) is an excellent parody of this situation, it uses the word man in exactly the way you suggest, to show how stupid it feels in our society. here is a link of a pair of t-shirts, one saying programmer and one saying "male"man programmer" male programmer, wont work if you use an ad blocker
Now to the advice:
I would honestly only mention the sex of a person if it actually mattered, so in your philosopher example the fact she was a woman was notable as it made her a first. other wise I just wouldn't bother.
I think using 'woman' as an adjective and not using 'man' as an adjective would be very sexist towards men.
In fact it is very sexist toward women, as it is saying I don't need to tell you the sex of this person
"it is a man, it is always a man, unless we tell you otherwise"
I am going to give you a riddle, if you haven't heard it try to solve it first.
A father and son were in a car accident where the father was killed. The ambulance brought the son to the hospital. He needed immediate surgery. In the operating room, a doctor came in and looked at the little boy and said I can't operate on him he is my son.
Who is the doctor?
Spoiler below:
it is the MOTHER
When people are asked this riddle they often come up with a pair of gay fathers before coming up with the mother.
And this is why saying maleman doctor sounds silly because we ALL KNOW doctor means maleman unless it is adjusted.
Like the night is dark unless someone tells us the full moon made the night bright enough to travel by.