In the sense meant in the question, it's not completely unknown (ngrams, useful for its links to book searches), but seems to be most common in the 19th century. Sources appear to be both Catholic and Protestant, but with a bias towards Britsh writers.
It was the confounding the church catholic and its immunities, with the church corporate and its obligations and privileges, which really lay at the root of all the errors entertained, and all the embarrassments experienced in this question
Ten Years of the Church of Scotland from 1833 to 1843: With Historical Retrospect from 1560, Volume 1, James Bryce Bryce (1850) (emphasis mine)
And, hence, they who maintain the theory that the Anglican, Greek, and Roman branches make up, together, the Church Catholic, cannot stop here, even if they would; for the fact of one division authorizes division ad infinitum
Submission to the Catholic Church, Anthony John HANMER (1850) (again, emphasis mine)
Highlighted in the first quote is the simliar construction Church Corporate which I recollect being used in a nonconformist sense to mean Church as a body of people (as opposed to a building)
One odd case is when church is used to modify a noun Catholic to mean a proper practicing Catholic. A rather contrived example: "Alice still calls herself a Catholic, though she only turns up at Christmas; Bob is a Church Catholic, he's in there every day".
I've heard this use in speech and it might confuse searches if it occurs much in writing.