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1. When did this consonant shift happen in English? Etymonline mentions 12c.

2. What are some more examples of the /ð/ → /d/ in English words?

3. How is the shift mirrored in other Germanic languages?

(Can't post more than 2 links with a low post count apparently. So you'll have to 'manually fill in' what's obviously missing)
(Thanks Ruakh for fixing my links <3.)

Things to read:

1. When did this consonant shift happen in English? Etymonline mentions 12c.

2. What are some more examples of the /ð/ → /d/ in English words?

3. How is the shift mirrored in other Germanic languages?

Things to read:

The fourth phase of the High German Shift, þ/ð→d occurred around the 9th/10th century, based on historical Old High German-Language books containing the old/unshifted version from around that time period. There was a lot more to the High German Shift than this particular mutation...although it was the most impactful & important. The first three phases of the High German Shift affected voiceless plosives, leading therefore to mostly isolated changes (High German only. Lower German was mostly unaffected.)

The fourth phase shifted the dental fricatives to /d/. This is distinctive in that it also affects Low German and Dutch. In early Old High German, as in Old Dutch and Old Saxon, the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives þ and ð stood in allophonic relationship (as did f/v and s/z), with þ in final position and ð used initially and medially. The sound ð then became /d/, while þ became /t/. This shift occurred late enough that unshifted forms are to be found in the earliest Old High German texts, and thus it can be dated to the 9th or 10th century. It took several centuries to spread north, appearing in Dutch only during the 12th century, and in Frisian not for another century or two after that.
 

1. When did this consonant shift happen in English? Etymonline mentions 12c.

2. What are some more examples of the /ð/ → /d/ in English words?

Assuming you were asking for examples of /ð/ → /d/ -- so words where the English /d/ replaces the German /th/:

3. How is the shift mirrored in other Germanic languages?

Firstly the easiest thing to explain: Olde English ignored the shift completely. No effect there.

The fourth phase of the High German Shift, þ/ð→d occurred around the 9th/10th century, based on historical Old High German-Language books containing the old/unshifted version from around that time period. There was a lot more to the High German Shift than this particular mutation... although it was the most impactful & important. The first three phases of the High German Shift affected voiceless plosives, leading therefore to mostly isolated changes (High German only. Lower German was mostly unaffected.)

The fourth phase shifted the dental fricatives to /d/. This is distinctive in that it also affects Low German and Dutch. In early Old High German, as in Old Dutch and Old Saxon, the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives þ and ð stood in allophonic relationship (as did f/v and s/z), with þ in final position and ð used initially and medially. The sound ð then became /d/, while þ became /t/. This shift occurred late enough that unshifted forms are to be found in the earliest Old High German texts, and thus it can be dated to the 9th or 10th century. It took several centuries to spread north, appearing in Dutch only during the 12th century, and in Frisian not for another century or two after that.

Things to read (Can't post more than 2 links with a low post count apparently. So you'll have to 'manually fill in' what's obviously missing)

(Can't post more than 2 links with a low post count apparently. So you'll have to 'manually fill in' what's obviously missing)
(Thanks Ruakh for fixing my links <3.)

Things to read: