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Is there a specific name or term for words that are the adjective form of nouns? Like "salty" from "salt", "Freudian" from "Freud", "glossy" from "gloss", etc.? What about adjective forms of verbs "loathsome" from "loathe"? Or verb forms of nouns like "to telephone"?

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Do you mean other than "Derivative Word Forms"? – Jim Aug 20 '12 at 0:18

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From Introduction to the Grammar of English - Rodney D. Huddleston (1984)

The most straightforward type of adjectivalisation involves affixation, as in the formation of heroic.

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+1 Now there's a word you don't hear every day. This may, in fact, be the only time in my life I will ever hear it. ;-) – Jim Aug 20 '12 at 1:10
   
@Jim If you’re lucky, that is. – tchrist Aug 20 '12 at 1:33
@Jim: Go on! Indulge yourself! There's also adverbialisation if you fancy getting really down and dirty! – FumbleFingers Aug 20 '12 at 1:37
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One uses derivational morphology to derive an adjective from a noun, creating derivative forms.

Although you don’t always have to. You can sometimes just use it attributively.

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