Are there shibboleths specific to native Russian speakers?

Question

I am doing these days a lot of collaborative writing with a colleague born and raised in Russia, and now working in the US. He has a very good English and yet, as we circulated various texts, I noticed that he tends to drop the definite article, the, more than is acceptable. I attributed that to a trend of his native language.

Because I will continue working with him for some time, I hope to be aware of other such possible errors influenced by his mother tongue (especially because I'm not a native English speaker either!). So, what are common errors (or shibboleths) of native Russian speakers when they write in English?

Answer 1

A, an and the are all dropped. Using past tense with did (in my experience almost all non-native do this until they learn not to). Sometimes using she instead of he. Word order is not as important in Russian as in English. Missing prepositions

Russians I have met who have large vocabularies tend to stress words with more than two syllables in an idiosyncratic manner since they likely only ever read the words.
I have the same problem on rare occasions where I know a word, know how to use it but guess the pronunciation since I got it from literature.

More here

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/langdiff/russian.htm

For example beginning learners often omit the auxiliary in questions or negatives: How you do that? / I no have it. The present simple is commonly used where the progressive form or perfect is needed: She has a bath now / How long are you in Germany?. In comparison with Russian the modal verb system in English is very complex. Mistakes such as Must you to work on Friday? / I will not can come, etc. are common among beginners. The lack of a copula in Russian leads to errors such as She good teacher.

Answer 2

Aside from the items pointed above, a well-educated native russian speaker often writes (and speaks) in incredibly long, almost Hemingway-ish, compound sentences, where you can barely remember what the beginning of the sentence was about. I'm not sure if it's primarily the influence of russian prose, or something about the language itself which causes the brain to produce the long sentences.

Answer 3

Russian and English languages have somewhat different structure of verb tenses. For native speakers of Russian it can often be difficult to correctly use perfect tense forms due to the influence of their mother tongue.
The grammatical concepts behind the correct usage of English perfect tenses can be very confusing to Russian speakers, so they tend to replace it with Simple Past tense for example (in case of Present Perfect or Past Perfect), or just fail to use it appropriately.

Answer 4

I am from Russia and I work at an international company so my colleagues and I have to use English all the time. There are really some common errors. The most difficult for us is to use articles properly. There are nothing similar to them in our native language. That is why we often use them where they are not needed and vice versa.

The second difficult part is using of prepositions. We tend to use those that we would use in our language if they were translated. For example, instead of at office we tend to say in office, instead of to London we often say in London. There are many other examples.

We don't have gerund in our language, so sometimes it is difficult for us to use it properly.

I can not agree with mplungjan that word order is not so important. It is important in any language and in Russian you can too change the meaning of a sentence if you change word order. Not always though, but in English it does not happen every time either.

There is also a rather big problem with sequence of tenses. In our language we do not have to do it. That is why we misuse perfect tense and even past tense forms often.

These are the most often encountered mistakes that I can spot when I talk to or read something from a native Russian speaker.

Answer 5

One thing that nobody seemed to mention is punctuation. It is of paramount importance in Russian, because it brings intonation across.

Here is a famous example from an old Soviet cartoon that is based on a tale by Hans Christian Andersen in which a little princess is asked to sign a decree of execution. Pay attention to the position of the comma.

• Казнить, нельзя помиловать!

  This means :

  Execute this person! Cannot pardon him!

• Казнить нельзя, помиловать!

  This means :

  Do not execute this person! Pardon him!

I guess you could argue that you can do the same in English like so:

Execute cannot, pardon! vs Execute, cannot pardon!

And this would make sense to an attentive English speaker, but punctuation tends to be not emphasized as much as spelling; as a result it will most likely be ignored or at the very least be ambiguous. I was just trying to illustrate the point that punctuation is so important that they made a cartoon for little children about it :-)

In fact it's so important that in Russia, Russian Language teachers usually give 2 grades for some written assignments: one for grammar and the other one for punctuation (it wasn't uncommon for me to get 5/3 ( or A/C in American equivalent) (I'm not a bad speller, but sometimes I can't get those punctuations signs right even if my life depended on it :-) )

To relate to this question though: you will notice that Russian speakers that finished at least 9 classes or high school in Russia will tend to use a lot more of , ; : " etc to bring extra nuances across, especially in run-on sentences because it's ingrained in the way language is taught. I see it with my Dad a lot. I've lived in the US for more than a decade now myself and I still tend to put commas in front of "that" in the middle of the sentence.

Answer 6

As previously mentioned, Russian doesn't use articles (a, the), so Russian speakers use them - or don't - by guesswork, and often get them wrong.

What I haven't seen anyone else mention, however, is that the present tense of to be (I am, thou art†, he is, we are, you are, they are) is rarely (if ever) used in Russian. As a result, again, Russian speakers sometimes make surprising mistakes in this area. (My favorite: "Is there is...?")

In speech, of course, there are at least three major pitfalls: Russian lacks a "th" sound - foreign words that are imported into Russian tend to get substituted with "f" or "t". When speaking English, "th" tends to turn into "s" or "z". If you're feeling especially cruel, ask your Russian colleague to say "thither". (Of course, a lot of Americans also have trouble with that one.)

Russian also doesn't have an equivalent to English "h" - the Russian letter х, pronounced like the "ch" in loch, is not equivalent - so foreign (mostly German) words imported into Russian usually substitute "g". Russians speaking English will, at first, turn all of their aitches into gees; later on, some learn to pronounce an English h, while others convert h's into х's - the source of the infamous "kheavy Roossian excent".

Finally, several of the "short" English vowel sounds - the a in "at", i in "in", and u in "up" - don't exist in Russian, while Russian has at least one vowel sound (ы) that doesn't exist in English. (Hence "excent" instead of "accent".)

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†Yes, I know - we don't actually use "thou" anymore. Russians do, however (ты) and so I mentioned it for completeness.

Answer 7

Thanks for the very useful examples and explanations!

Actually I am still keep "fighting" with English articles after my at least 15 years of good English experience. I tend to drop them in order to avoid using them wrong. I remember very good how my collegues and my chief cursed my disability to use articles when editing my English texts (looking for and fixing mostly only articles). The idea of articles in English (and in German, French, too) seems very weird to my Russian mind. Why one need articles at all? There are much more logical words"this", "that", "these" in English language as in Russian (and many other languages). If we need to pinpoint the object (stress which one exactly) then we use these words in Russian: "this car". Otherwise we Russians just do not care to show that some "car" exist only in one piece (it's damn clear already since it's not "cars") like one should do it in English stressing "a car" or "une voiture" in French.

I wonder what happens in the old times in English (and other Germanic languages) to force people use article instead of logical "this", "that", "these" words?

Surprisingly it works much better for me with Swedish articles. May be because they are not so strict about the articles, may be because Swedish article always connected with the different ending of the word. They say and write not just "a car — the car" but "en bil (often droping "en") - den ha:r bilen". This somehow more complicated but in some strange way concentrate me more on the certain object. Here is the link with professional explanation about Swedish approach: http://www.thelocal.se/blogs/theswedishteacher/2012/04/11/denna-or-den-har/